crypto: strengthen argument CHECKs in TurboSHAKE

[tniessen]

Instead of first discarding the top 24 bits of the argument and then checking that the low 8 bits are within the expected range, first check that the original 32-bit integer is within the expected range and then discard the top 24 bits.

[nodejs-github-bot]

Review requested:

• @nodejs/crypto

[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/72707/

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 50.00000% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 89.68%. Comparing base (3f52482) to head (23b2a6a).
⚠️ Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/crypto/crypto_turboshake.cc	50.00%	0 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #62763      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   91.55%   89.68%   -1.87%     
==========================================
  Files         356      706     +350     
  Lines      149601   218127   +68526     
  Branches    23395    41734   +18339     
==========================================
+ Hits       136967   195632   +58665     
- Misses      12371    14406    +2035     
- Partials      263     8089    +7826     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/crypto/crypto_turboshake.cc	82.81% <50.00%> (ø)

... and 471 files with indirect coverage changes

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[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/72711/

[panva]

Thanks @tniessen, good spot!