idmore_linuxourse.sql

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-- Database: `idmore_linuxourse`
--

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `available_dir`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `available_dir` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `directory` varchar(50) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=15 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

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-- Dumping data for table `available_dir`
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INSERT INTO `available_dir` (`id`, `directory`) VALUES
(1, '/'),
(10, '/boot'),
(14, '/dev'),
(3, '/etc'),
(12, '/etc/apt'),
(13, '/etc/skel'),
(2, '/home'),
(7, '/home/user'),
(9, '/home/user/.config'),
(8, '/home/user/mydirectory'),
(6, '/media'),
(11, '/proc'),
(4, '/usr'),
(5, '/var');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `badge`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `badge` (
`id_badge` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `id_materi` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `id_level` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `id_course` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `title` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `description` varchar(300) NOT NULL,
  `logo` varchar(20) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `badge`
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INSERT INTO `badge` (`id_badge`, `id_materi`, `id_level`, `id_course`, `title`, `description`, `logo`) VALUES
(1, 1, 1, 1, 'Starting Course', 'congratulations you have embarked on a course here', 'start.png'),
(2, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Fast', 'faster than the estimated time', 'fast.png');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `certivicate`
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CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `certivicate` (
`id_certivicate` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `reqdate` datetime NOT NULL,
  `acceptdate` datetime NOT NULL,
  `id_user` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `address` varchar(500) NOT NULL,
  `zipcode` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('unread','waiting','sent','failed') NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `country`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `country` (
`id_country` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `country` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `flag` varchar(20) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `country`
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INSERT INTO `country` (`id_country`, `country`, `flag`) VALUES
(1, 'Indonesia', ''),
(2, 'United Kingdom', ''),
(3, 'other', '');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `course`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `course` (
`id_course` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `id_level` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `step` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `description` varchar(300) NOT NULL,
  `estimate` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `course_case_en` text NOT NULL,
  `course_case_id` text NOT NULL,
  `hint_en` text NOT NULL,
  `hint_id` text NOT NULL,
  `command` text NOT NULL,
  `custom_controller` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('posted','draft') NOT NULL,
  `editdate` datetime NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=53 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `course`
--

INSERT INTO `course` (`id_course`, `id_level`, `step`, `title`, `description`, `estimate`, `course_case_en`, `course_case_id`, `hint_en`, `hint_id`, `command`, `custom_controller`, `status`, `editdate`) VALUES
(1, 1, 1, 'Hello Student', 'Hello Student', '1', 'Let''s start learning linux, this part is an introductory step and automatically will be ignored and go to the next step.', 'Mari mulai belajar linux, bagian merupakan step perkenalan dan secara otomatis akan diabaikan dan lanjut ke step berikutnya.', 'Hint is help when you have difficulties in solving problems or working on material in Linuxourse.', 'Hint adalah bantuan  ketika kamu mengalami kesulitan dalam memecahkan soal atau mengerjakan materi di Linuxourse.', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 08:08:12'),
(2, 1, 2, 'Linux History', 'Knowing Linux History', '5', '[h5]Linux History[/h5]\nLinux is the name given to the Unix computer operating system. Linux is one example of the development of free software and open source primary. Like the free software and other open source in general, the Linux source code can be modified, used and distributed freely by anyone.\n\nThe name "Linux" comes from the name of the manufacturer, which was introduced in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The system''s utilities and libraries usually come from the GNU operating system, which was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. GNU contribution is the basis of the emergence of an alternative name GNU / Linux.\n\n[h5] GNU Project [/h5]\nThe GNU Project, started in 1984 has the aim to create an operating system that is compatible with Unix and complete and total consists of software bebas.Tahun 1985, Richard Stallman founded the Free Software Foundation and developed the GNU General Public License (GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL). Most programs required by an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix shell and window systems) were completed in the early 1990s, despite a low level elements such as device drivers, kernel daemon and still unfinished at the time .Linus Torvalds once said that if the GNU kernel had been available at that time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.\n\nLinux has long been known for its use in servers, and is supported by a well-known computer companies such as Intel, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Novell, Oracle Corporation, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems. Linux is used as the operating system in various types of computer hardware, including desktop computers, supercomputers, and embedded systems such as an electronic book reader, video game systems (PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and XBox), mobile phones and routers. Information technology observers believe the success of Linux because Linux does not depend on the vendor (vendor independence), low operating costs, and high compatibility compared UNIX version is not free, as well as security and stability factors were high compared to other operating systems such as Microsoft Windows. These characteristics also be evidence of the excellence model of the development of open source software (open source software).\n\nLinux operating system known as Linux distributions (Linux distribution) or Linux distributions generally include software tools such as web servers, programming languages, databases, desktop display (desktop environment) such as GNOME, KDE and Xfce also have an office suite (office suite), such as OpenOffice.org, KOffice, Abiword, Gnumeric and LibreOffice\n\n[h5] Copyright and Trademark [/h5]\nLinux kernel and GNU software mostly uses the GNU General Public License (GPL) as a base license. The GPL requires that anyone who distributes the Linux kernel must make the source code (and all modifications on it) available to users with the same criteria. In 1997, Linus Torvalds stated, "Making Linux-based GPL really is the best thing I''ve ever done."\nGoogle Translate for Business:Translator ToolkitWebsite TranslatorGlobal Market Finder\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instruction[/h5]\nFor the first experiment, please press the command [code] y [/code] then [code] enter [/code], and click the "check" to continue\n[/span]', '[h5]Linux History[/h5]\nLinux adalah nama yang diberikan kepada sistem operasi komputer bertipe Unix. Linux merupakan salah satu contoh hasil pengembangan perangkat lunak bebas dan sumber terbuka utama. Seperti perangkat lunak bebas dan sumber terbuka lainnya pada umumnya, kode sumber Linux dapat dimodifikasi, digunakan dan didistribusikan kembali secara bebas oleh siapa saja.\n\nNama "Linux" berasal dari nama pembuatnya, yang diperkenalkan tahun 1991 oleh Linus Torvalds. Sistemnya, peralatan sistem dan pustakanya umumnya berasal dari sistem operasi GNU, yang diumumkan tahun 1983 oleh Richard Stallman. Kontribusi GNU adalah dasar dari munculnya nama alternatif GNU/Linux.\n\n[h5]GNU Project[/h5]\nProyek GNU yang mulai pada 1984 memiliki tujuan untuk membuat sebuah sistem operasi yang kompatibel dengan Unix dan lengkap dan secara total terdiri atas perangkat lunak bebas.Tahun 1985, Richard Stallman mendirikan Yayasan Perangkat Lunak Bebas dan mengembangkan Lisensi Publik Umum GNU (GNU General Public License atau GNU GPL). Kebanyakan program yang dibutuhkan oleh sebuah sistem operasi (seperti pustaka, kompiler, penyunting teks, shell Unix dan sistem jendela) diselesaikan pada awal tahun 1990-an, walaupun elemen-elemen tingkat rendah seperti device driver, jurik dan kernel masih belum selesai pada saat itu.Linus Torvalds pernah berkata bahwa jika kernel GNU sudah tersedia pada saat itu (1991), dia tidak akan memutuskan untuk menulis versinya sendiri.\n\nLinux telah lama dikenal untuk penggunaannya di server, dan didukung oleh perusahaan-perusahaan komputer ternama seperti Intel, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Novell, Oracle Corporation, Red Hat, dan Sun Microsystems. Linux digunakan sebagai sistem operasi di berbagai macam jenis perangkat keras komputer, termasuk komputer desktop, superkomputer, dan sistem benam seperti pembaca buku elektronik, sistem permainan video (PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 dan XBox), telepon genggam dan router. Para pengamat teknologi informatika beranggapan kesuksesan Linux dikarenakan Linux tidak bergantung kepada vendor (vendor independence), biaya operasional yang rendah, dan kompatibilitas yang tinggi dibandingkan versi UNIX tak bebas, serta faktor keamanan dan kestabilannya yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan sistem operasi lainnya seperti Microsoft Windows. Ciri-ciri ini juga menjadi bukti atas keunggulan model pengembangan perangkat lunak sumber terbuka (opensource software).\n\nSistem operasi Linux yang dikenal dengan istilah distribusi Linux (Linux distribution) atau distro Linux umumnya sudah termasuk perangkat-perangkat lunak pendukung seperti server web, bahasa pemrograman, basisdata, tampilan desktop (desktop environment) seperti GNOME,KDE dan Xfce juga memiliki paket aplikasi perkantoran (office suite) seperti OpenOffice.org, KOffice, Abiword, Gnumeric dan LibreOffice\n\n[h5]Hak Cipta dan Merek Dagang[/h5]\nLinux kernel dan sebagian besar perangkat lunak GNU menggunakan GNU General Public License (GPL) sebagai basis lisensinya. GPL mengharuskan siapapun yang mendistribusikan kernel linux harus membuat kode sumber (dan semua modifikasi atas itu) tersedia bagi pengguna dengan kriteria yang sama. Tahun 1997, Linus Torvald menyatakan, "Menjadikan Linux berbasis GPL sungguh merupakan hal terbaik yang pernah saya lakukan."\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instruction[/h5]\nUntuk percobaan pertama silahkan tekan command [code]y[/code] kemudian [code]enter[/code], dan klik tombol "check" untuk melanjutkan\n[/span]\n', 'input command [code] y [/code] and execution with  [code] enter [/code] key, and then check the result', 'masukan command [code]y[/code] dan eksekusi [code]enter[/code], kemudian cek hasilnya', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 08:15:41'),
(3, 1, 3, 'Open Source Movement', 'Open Source Movement', '5', '[h5] Open Source / Open Source [/h5]\nis a development system that is not coordinated by an individual / central agency, but by actors who work together to take advantage of the source code (source code) are scattered and available free (usually using the internet communication facilities). This development pattern taking bazaar-style model, so that the pattern of the Open Source community has a characteristic for which the encouragement that comes from a culture of giving, which means that when a community using an Open Source program and have received a benefit would then be motivated to pose a question what the user can give back to the people.\n\nPattern Open Source born as freedom of work, without the intervention of thinking and expressing what they want by using the knowledge and suitable products. Freedom becomes a major consideration when released to the public. Other communities have the freedom to learn, tampering, revise again, justify or even to blame, but this freedom also comes with responsibility, not free without responsibility.\n\nThrough open source, software development will be very fast, as is done by many people in free. Via open source issues and solutions will be solved and searched together.\n\nFor example, open source is: Linux, a kernel of the first made its presence is still popular.\n\nAnd see also Google''s Android, is one of the open source product that is very popular today\n\n[i] wikipedia [/i]\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instruction [/h5]\nto continue the execution of the command [code] y [/code]\n[/span]', '[h5]Open Source / Sumber Terbuka[/h5]\nadalah sistem pengembangan yang tidak dikoordinasi oleh suatu individu / lembaga pusat, tetapi oleh para pelaku yang bekerja sama dengan memanfaatkan kode sumber (source-code) yang tersebar dan tersedia bebas (biasanya menggunakan fasilitas komunikasi internet). Pola pengembangan ini mengambil model ala bazaar, sehingga pola Open Source ini memiliki ciri bagi komunitasnya yaitu adanya dorongan yang bersumber dari budaya memberi, yang artinya ketika suatu komunitas menggunakan sebuah program Open Source dan telah menerima sebuah manfaat kemudian akan termotivasi untuk menimbulkan sebuah pertanyaan apa yang bisa pengguna berikan balik kepada orang banyak.\n\nPola Open Source lahir karena kebebasan berkarya, tanpa intervensi berpikir dan mengungkapkan apa yang diinginkan dengan menggunakan pengetahuan dan produk yang cocok. Kebebasan menjadi pertimbangan utama ketika dilepas ke publik. Komunitas yang lain mendapat kebebasan untuk belajar, mengutak-ngatik, merevisi ulang, membenarkan ataupun bahkan menyalahkan, tetapi kebebasan ini juga datang bersama dengan tanggung jawab, bukan bebas tanpa tanggung jawab.\n\nMelalui open source, perkembangan software akan sangat cepat, karena dikerjakan oleh banyak orang secara sukarela.Melalui open source masalah dan solusi akan dipecahkan dan dicari bersama.\n\nSebagai contoh open source adalah : Linux, sebuah kernel yang dari pertama kali dibuat sampai sekarang masih populer keberadaannya.\n\nDan lihat juga Android dari Google, merupakan salah satu produk open source yang palinng populer saat ini\n\n[i]wikipedia[/i]\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instruction[/h5]\nuntuk melanjutkan eksekusi command [code]y[/code] \n[/span]', 'press the [code] y [/code] and then execute by pressing the [code] enter [/code] key. Click ''check button'' to proceed.', 'tekan [code]y[/code] lalu eksekusi dengan menekan [code]enter[/code]. Dan klik check untuk melanjutkan.', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 08:23:32'),
(4, 1, 4, 'Kernel', 'Knowing kernel and Linux kernel', '5', '[h5] Kernel [/h5]\nLinux operating system could run because of the foundation called the Linux kernel. The kernel is the software that works at low level (basic level) to interact with a variety of computer hardware. So, if you''re surfing (browsing) through Firefox, the kernel was the one who set the receiving and sending of your data through a network card or a Wi-Fi computer. Likewise, if you insert a USB stick or a USB flash drive (UFD) into the USB port, the kernel in charge of detecting the presence of this disk and set it up so that the user readily accessible.\n\nIn Linux, the kernel can be found in the directory [code] / boot [/code] with the name of the file [code] vmlinuz [/code] accompanied by a number that describes a particular version.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instruction [/h5]\n[strong] 1 [/strong] Please see the kernel version on the system that you are using with the command [code] ls / boot [/code]\n[/span]\n\n[h5] Chek Linux and Kernel Version [/h5]\nOf all the kernels that can be seen in [pre] /boot [/pre] there is only one kernel alone are used, usually the last installed the latest, shown with the greatest serial number\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instruction [/h5]\n[strong] 2 [/strong] Here are some commands that are used to check the kernel\n[code] uname -a [/code]: displays all the information the kernel\n[code] uname -r [/code]: displays the kernel release\n[code] uname -v [/code]: displays the kernel version\n[code] uname -o [/code]: displays the operating system kernel\n[/span]', '[h5]Kernel[/h5]\nSistem operasi Linux bisa berjalan karena adanya fondasi yang disebut kernel Linux. Kernel adalah software yang bekerja di low level (tingkat dasar) untuk berinteraksi dengan berbagai hardware di komputer. Jadi, jika Anda sedang berselancar (browsing) lewat Firefox, kernel lah yang mengatur penerimaan dan pengiriman data Anda lewat kartu jaringan atau Wi-Fi komputer. Begitu juga jika Anda memasukkan USB stick atau USB flash drive (UFD) ke port USB, kernel bertugas mendeteksi adanya disk ini dan menyiapkannya agar siap diakses pengguna.\n\nDalam Linux, kernel bisa anda temui di directory [code]/boot[/code] dengan nama file [code]vmlinuz[/code] disertai dengan angka yang menjelaskan versi tertentu.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instruction[/h5]\n[strong]1 [/strong] Silahkan lihat versi kernel ada di sistem yang anda gunakan sekarang dengan perintah [code]ls /boot[/code]\n[/span]\n\n[h5]Chek Linux dan Kernel Version[/h5]\nDari semua kernel yang bisa dilihat di [pre]/boot[/pre] hanya ada satu saja kernel saja yang digunakan, biasanya yang terinstall terakhir terbaru, ditunjukan dengan nomor seri paling besar\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instruction[/h5]\nBerikut beberapa perintah yang digunakan untuk cek kernel\n[code]uname -a[/code]: menampilkan semua informasi kernel \n[code]uname -r[/code] : menampilkan release kernel \n[code]uname -v[/code] : menampilkan versi kernel \n[code]uname -o[/code] : menampilkan sistem operasi kernel \n[/span]\n', 'Show all available versions of the Linux kernel in the system with the [code] ls / boot [/code]. Furthermore know a wide variety of command is used to determine the running kernel:\n[code] uname -a [/code]\n[code] uname -r [/code]\n[code] uname -v [/code]\n[code] uname -o [/code]', 'Tampilkan semua versi kernel Linux yang tersedia di sistem dengan [code]ls /boot[/code]. Selanjutnya ketahui berbagai macam command yang digunakan untuk mengetahui kernel yang sedang digunakan :\n[code]uname -a[/code] \n[code]uname -r[/code] \n[code]uname -v[/code]\n[code]uname -o[/code]', 'ls /boot:uname -a:uname -r:uname -v:uname -o', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 08:32:06'),
(5, 1, 5, 'Distributions', 'Knowing Linux Distributions', '5', '[h5] distributions [/h5]\nLinux distribution or commonly known as the distro is the name for a computer operating system and applications which are a family of Unix and Linux kernel. Distributions can be a free software or open source software such as Read hat enterprise Enterprise, SuSE, and others.\n\nThere are many Linux distributions that have emerged, even some survive and become a great distro, even to generate hundreds of derivative distributions, for example: <strong> Debian </strong> which has resulted in <strong> Ubuntu </strong>, <strong> Knoppix </strong>, <strong> Xandross </strong>, etc.\n\nTo get your distributions can be downloaded directly from the website owner''s distribution, or use of the local mirror.\n\n[h5] Repository [/h5]\nA software repository is a storage area that contains a variety of disto and some libraries needed. Many companies or publishers maintain server software on the Internet for the purpose of making this repository.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nto continue the execution of the command [code] cat /etc/apt/sources.list [/code]\n[/span]', '[h5]Kernel[/h5]\nSejak versi stabil kernel Linux dikeluarkan, perkembangan distro Linuxpun mulai berkembang dengan pesat, bahkan hingga menjadi distro besar dan menghasilkan puluhan bahkan ratusan distro turunannya.\n\n[strong]Distro[/strong], atau bisa disebut distribusi Linux (singkatan dari distribusi Linux) adalah sebutan untuk sistem operasi komputer dan aplikasinya, merupakan keluarga Unix yang menggunakan kernel Linux. Distribusi Linux bisa berupa perangkat lunak bebas dan bisa juga berupa perangkat lunak komersial seperti Red Hat Enterprise, SuSE, dan lain-lain.\n\nBeberapa distro populer antara lain : Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Kali Linux dan sebagainya\n\n[h5]Repositori[/h5]\nRepositori adalah sebuah tempat penyimpanan yang berada di  dalam server, atau bisa dibilang server repo. Repository menyediakan berbagai macam distro, update kernel linux dan aplikasi yang dibutuhkan sistem operasi Linux. Pengguna bisa mengatur server repo mana yang digunakan, beberapa alasan untuk memilih server repo karena, kecepatannya, keandalannya, lokasi dan kelengkapannya.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nuntuk mengetahui server repo mana saja yang digunakan bisa dibaca di [code]cat /etc/apt/sources.list[/code]\n[/span]\n\n[a target="_blank" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribusi_Linux"]wikipedia[/a]', 'to find out where the repo servers are used can be read in [code] cat /etc/apt/sources.list[/code]', 'untuk mengetahui server repo mana saja yang digunakan bisa dibaca di [code]cat /etc/apt/sources.list[/code]', 'cat /etc/apt/sources.list', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 08:39:32'),
(6, 1, 6, 'Multiuser And Multitasking', 'Multiuser and Multitasking on Linux', '5', '[h5] Multiuser [/h5]\nMultiuser is one of the advantages of Linux that allows to use many users simultaneously or individually. List all users registered in the system can be seen in a file that is located in the [pre] /etc/passwd [/pre]. In this user that management Linux provides facilities such thing as ''the Group''. to learn the concept of the process is the term ''User and Group Management'' that can be learned on the material ''Linux Shell and Command'' level ''User and Group Management''.\n\n[h5] Multitasking [/h5]\nMultitasking is the ability of a system to run multiple processes at once, in fact some of these processes is not done in the same time, but turns in a split second. to learn the concept of the process is the term ''Process Management'' that can be learned on the material ''Linux Shell and Command'' level ''Process Management''.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nto continue the execution of the command [code] y [/code]\n[/span]', '[h5]Multiuser[/h5]\nMultiuser adalah salah satu kelebihan Linux yang memungkinkan untuk digunakan banyak pengguna secara bersamaan atau sendiri-sendiri. Daftar user yang terdaftar pada sistem bisa dilihat pada file yang terletak di [pre]/etc/passwd[/pre]. Dalam memanagemen user ini Linux menyediakan fasilitas yang namanya ''Grup''. untuk mempelajari konsep proses maka dikenal istilah ''User and Group Management'' yang bisa dipelajari pada materi ''Linux Shell and Command'' level ''User and Group Management''.\n\n[h5]Multitasking[/h5]\nMultitasking adalah kemampuan sistem untuk menjalankan beberapa proses sekaligus, sebenarnya beberapa proses ini bukanlah dikerjakan dalam satu waktu yang sama, melainkan bergantian dalam waktu sepersekian detik. untuk mempelajari konsep proses maka dikenal istilah ''Process Management'' yang bisa dipelajari pada materi ''Linux Shell and Command'' level ''Process Management''.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nuntuk melanjutkan eksekusi command [code]y[/code]\n[/span]', 'to continue thestep, execution of the command [code] y [/code] and check the results', 'eksekusi command [code]y[/code] untuk melanjutkan', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 08:46:10'),
(9, 3, 2, 'command line', 'Know Linux command line', '30', 'Every Linux user should got an login name (user account) that previously had to be registered with the system administrator. The login name is generally limited to a maximum of 8 characters and generally in small letters. Linux bash shell prompt using the [pre] $ [/pre].\n\nA Linux session consists of:\n1. Login\n2. Working with the Shell / running applications\n3. Logout\n\n[h5]Format Instruction Linux[/h5]\nStandard Linux instructions generally have the following format:\n$ (command) (option) (argument)\nchoices /options start with a - (minus), the argument can be empty, or filled with one or more arguments (parameters).\n\nExample: \n\n[code]ls[/code] : no argments\n[code]ls -a[/code] : option adalah [pre]-a[/pre] = all, no arguments\n[code]ls /bin[/code] :without option, using argements [pre]/etc[/pre]\n[code]ls -l /usr[/code] : using the option [pre]-l[/pre] , and the argument [pre]/usr[/pre]\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nexecution command [code]y[/code] to continue\n[/span]', 'Setiap pemakai Linux harus mmpunyai nama login (user account) yang sebelumnya harus didaftarkan pada administrator sistem. Nama login umumnya dibatasi maksimum 8 karakter dan umumnya dalam huruf kecil. Prompt shell bash pada Linux menggunakan tanda [pre]$[/pre].\n\nSebuah sesi Linux terdiri dari :\n1. Login\n2. Bekerja dengan Shell / menjalankan aplikasi\n3. Logout\n\n[h5]Format Instruksi Linux[/h5]\nInstruksi Linux standar umumnya mempunyai format sebagai berikut :\n$<command> <pilihan> <argument>\npilihan/options dimulai dengan tanda - (minus), argument dapat kosong, atau diisi satu atau beberapa argumen (parameter).\ncontoh :\n[code]ls[/code] : tanpa argumen\n[code]ls -a[/code] : option adalah [pre]-a[/pre] = all, tanpa argumen\n[code]ls /bin[/code] : tanpa option, menggunakan argumen [pre]/etc[/pre]\n[code]ls -l /usr[/code] : menggunakan option [pre]-l[/pre] , dan argumen [pre]/usr[/pre]\n\n[h5]Manual[/h5]\nlinux halaman manual yang berisi penjelasan dan cara penggunaan dari command yang ada, melalui halaman manual tersebut juga bisa diketahui option dan atribut apa saja yang di dukung oleh command tersebut.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\neksekusi command [code]y[/code] untuk melanjutkan\n[/span]', 'execution command [code]y[/code] dan chek', 'eksekusi command [code]y[/code] dan cek', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 11:56:47'),
(10, 3, 3, 'Working directories and hierarchal relationships', 'Structure and explanation directory in Linux', '30', 'Working directories and hierarchal relationships\n\n[h5] Directory [/h5]\nDirectory is a file that contains lists of names of files and other directories, so as to be seen as a container file directory.\n\nHierarchically structured directory, for example: A directory is a directory in the directory hierarchical B so B is called the [strong] parent [/strong] and A as [strong] child [/strong]. While a directory that does not have a [strong] parent [/strong] called [strong] root [/strong] or written [code] / [/code]. In the directory also known term [strong] active [/strong] which means the directory where you are currently located, to check the active directory can use the [code] pwd [/code].\n\n[h5] Linux directory structure [/h5]\nHere are the main structures in the linux directory that can be checked with the command [code] ls /[/code].\n[pre]\n--/\n-- /usr\n-- /var\n-- /bin\n-- /home\n-- /root\n-- /tmp\n-- /dev\n-- /etc\n[/pre]\n\nThe following is an explanation of some important directories in Linux\n[strong] / [/strong] is the root directory, the most basic directory containing all the other directories.\n[strong] / home [/strong] contains the home directory for the user, a place to store various data aygn personal.\n[strong] / bin [/strong] is an abbreviation of binary. This directory contains a number of applications / Linux basic program.\n[strong] / usr [/strong] contains a directory that contains the programs used by the user, such as the following:\ndocs: documentation regarding information about Linux.\nman: documents used man program, contains the manual of a command.\ngame: contains several games.\n[strong] usr / bin [/strong] contains a lot of programs that are used by the user.\n[strong] usr / sbin [/strong] contains a lot of programs that are used by the super user.\n[strong] / sbin [/strong] contains the file system to automatically run by Linux.\n[strong] / var [/strong] or singkatandari variable, contains a variety of temporary data such as the spool to hold the files to be printed, uucp to accommodate fule to be copied from another Linux machine.\n[code] / dev [/code] contains files that are used to connect the output devices such as CD-ROM, floppy-disk, hard-disk and others.\n[code] / etc [/code] contains many configuration files. This file beruppa text and can be modified to change the system konfigursi.\n\n[h5] Naming Rules directory [/h5]\nRules of naming the same directory with the file naming rules, are allowed to use the ''-'' or ''_'' as a name. Keep on how to distinguish it is a file or folder. Please see the contents of your current active directory with the command [code] ls [/code], then it will display the contents of that directory, there are two kinds of inputs, for names ending notation ''/'' means it is a directory, while the other is a file.\n\nBesides, on Linux there are two special naming, ie directory dot ''.'' and double ''..'', a dot directory is your current location. Sedangkah double dot is used to  dorektorinya parent directory.\n\n[h5] Switching directory [/h5]\nThe main command used is [code] cd [/code] to see the details of the command [code] cd [/code] using the command [code] man cd [/code]. Writing is [code] cd [directory location] [/code].\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\n[strong] 1 [/strong] show the location of active directory\n[strong] 2 [/strong] show the structure of the root directory\n[strong] 3 [/strong] of the location of active directory, move to the parent directorynya.\n[/span]', '[h5]Direktori[/h5]\nDirectori adalah suatu file yang berisi daftar-daftar nama file dan direktori lainnya, sehingga seolah-oleh direktori terlihat sebagai penampung file.\n\nDirektori disusun secara hierarkis, sebagai contoh : direktori A berada didalam direktori B sehingga secara hirarkis direktori B dipanggil sebagai [strong]parent[/strong] dan A sebagai [strong]child[/strong]. Sedangkan suatu direktori yang tidak memiliki [strong]parent[/strong] dinamakan [strong]root[/strong] atau dituliskan [code]/[/code]. Pada directory juga dikenal istilah [strong]active[/strong] yang berarti direktori dimana saat ini anda berada, untuk cek direktori active bisa menggunakan perintah [code]pwd[/code].\n\n[h5]Struktur direktori Linux[/h5]\nBerikut adalah struktur utama direktori di linux yang bisa dicek dengan command [code]ls /[/code].\n[pre]\n- /\n--/usr\n--/var\n--/bin\n--/home\n--/root\n--/tmp\n--/dev\n--/etc\n[/pre]\n\nberikut adalah penjelasan dari beberapa direktori penting di Linux \n[strong]/[/strong] adalah direktori root, direktori paling dasar yang berisi seluruh direktori lainnya.\n[strong]/home[/strong] berisi directory home untuk user, tempat menyimpan berbagai data aygn bersifat personal.\n[strong]/bin[/strong] merupakan singkatan dari binary. Direktori ini berisi sejumlah aplikasi/program dasar Linux.\n[strong]/usr[/strong] berisi sejumlah directori yang berisi program yang digunakan oleh user, berupa hal-hal berikut :\ndocs : dokumentasi perihal informasi tentang Linux.\nman : dokumen yang digunakan program man, berisi manual dari suatu perintah.\ngame : berisi beberapa games.\n[strong]usr/bin[/strong] berisi banyak program-program yang digunakan oleh user.\n[strong]usr/sbin[/strong] berisi banyak program-program yang digunakan oleh super user.\n[strong]/sbin[/strong] berisi file sistem yang dijalankan seara otomatis oleh Linux.\n[strong]/var[/strong] atau singkatandari variabel, berisi beragam temporary data seperti spool untuk menampung file yang akan dicetak, uucp untuk menampung fule yang akan disalin dari mesin Linux lain.\n[code]/dev[/code] berisi file yang digunakan untuk berhubungan dengan piranti output seperti : CD-ROM,floppy-disk, hard-disk dan lain-lain. \n[code]/etc[/code] berisi banyak file konfigurasi. File ini beruppa teks dan dapat diubah untuk mengubah konfigursi sistem.\n\n[h5]Aturan Penamaan direktori[/h5]\nAturan penamaan direktori sama dengan aturan penamaan file, diperbolehkan menggunakan tanda ''-'' ataupun ''_'' sebagai nama. Terus bagaimana untuk membedakan itu adalah file atau folder. Silahkan lihat isi direktori aktif anda sekarang ini dengan perintah [code]ls[/code], maka akan menampilkan isi dari direktori tersebut, ada dua macam input, untuk nama yang diakhiri notasi ''/'' berarti itu adalah direktori, sedangkan lainnya adalah file.\n\nDisamping itu pada Linux terdapat dua buah penamaan yang istimewa, yaitu direktori dot ''.'' dan double ''..'', direktori dot merupakan merupakan lokasi anda sekarang ini. sedangkah double dot digunakan untuk perbindah ke direktori parent dorektorinya.\n\n[h5]Berpindah Direktori[/h5]\ncommand utama yang digunakan adalah [code]cd[/code] untuk lihat detail dari perintah [code]cd[/code] gunakan command [code]man cd[/code]. Penulisannya adalah [code]cd [directory location][/code].\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\n[strong]1 [/strong] tampilkan lokasi active directory\n[strong]2 [/strong] tampilkan struktur dari directory root\n[strong]3 [/strong] dari lokasi active directory, pindahkan ke parent directorynya. \n[/span]', 'featuring active directory [code] pwd [/code]\nroot directory in Linux read "/" to display the contents of the root directory using [code] ls / [/code]\nmove to the previous directory using [code] cd .. [/code]', 'menampilkan active directory [code]pwd[/code]\nroot directory di Linux dibaca "/" untuk menampilkan isi dari root directory menggunakan [code]ls /[/code]\nberpindah ke directory sebelumnya menggunakan [code]cd ..[/code]', 'pwd:ls /:cd ..', '', 'posted', '2015-07-12 05:45:56'),
(11, 3, 4, 'Environment Variable', 'Linux Environtment', '10', '[h5]Environment Variables[/h5]\nOr environment variables, is a special variable that is used by Shell or Linux systems, for work processes such as variable [pre] PS1, PS2, HOME, PATH, USER, SHELL etc. [/pre] which if used will have an impact on the system.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nTo know the environment variables available in the system now use the command [code] cat $ PATH [/code]\n[/span]\n\nThen the shell will display a list of environment variables as follows:\n[pre]cat:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:\n/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:\n/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:\n/usr/local/games:No such file or directory[/pre]', '[h5]Environment Variable[/h5]\nAtau variabel lingkungan, adalah sebuah variabel khusus yang digunakan oleh Shell atau sistem Linux, untuk proses kerja seperti variabel [pre]PS1, PS2, HOME, PATH, USER, SHELL dsb[/pre] yang jika digunakan akan berdampak pada sistem. \n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nUntuk mengetahui environment variabel yang tersedia di sistem sekarang gunakan command [code]echo $PATH[/code]\n[/span]\n\nMaka shell akan menampilkan daftar environment variable sebagai berikut :\n[pre]cat: /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games: No such file or directory[/pre]\n', 'to know the environment variables available in the system using the command [code] echo $ PATH [/code]', 'untuk mengetahui environment variable yang tersedia di sistem gunakan command [code]echo $PATH[/code]', 'echo $PATH', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 01:18:51'),
(12, 5, 22, 'Linux Process Concept', 'Process Structure', '40', 'The process is a program that is being executed. Each time you use the utility system or application program from the shell, one or more of the ''child'' will be made by the appropriate shell command is given.\n\nWhenever the instructions given on the Linux shell, then kernal be creating a process-id, in the terminology of the Unix process-id is also called Job. Process-Id (PID) starting from 0, the INIT process, followed by the next process (listed in the [pre] / etx /inittab [/pre])\n\nHere are some of the types of processes:\n\n[strong] Foreground [/strong]\nThe process created by the user directly to the terminal (interactive command /dialog)\n\n[strong] Batch [/strong]\nThe process is collected and run sequentially (one by one). Batch process is not associated (interact) with the terminal.\n\n[strong] Daemon [/strong]\nProcess waits perminataan (request) from other processes and execute the tasks in accordance with less demand. If there is no request, then this program will be in the "idle" and does not use a CPU count. Generally, in a UNIX daemon process name ending in d, for example [pre] NETD [/pre] [pre] named [/pre],\n[pre] popd [/pre] etc.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nexecution command [code] y [/code] to continue\n[/span]', 'Proses adalah program yang sedang dieksekusi. Setiap kali menggunakan utilitas sistem atau program aplikasi dari shell, satu atau lebih proses ''child'' akan dibuat oleh shell sesuai command yang diberikan.\n\nSetiap kali instruksi diberikan pada Linux shell, maka kernal akan menciptkan sebuah process-id, dalam terminology Unix process-id ini disebut juga dengan Job. Process-Id (PID) dimulai dari 0, yaitu proses INIT, kemudian diikuti proses berikutnya.\n\nBerikut adalah beberapa tipe proses :\n[strong]Foreground [/strong]\nProses yang diciptakan oleh pemakai langsung pada terminal (command interaktif/dialog)\n\n[strong]Batch [/strong]\nProses yang dikumpulkan dan dijalankan secara sekuensial (satu persatu). Proses batch tidak diasosiasikan (berinteraksi) dengan terminal.\n\n[strong]Daemon [/strong]\nProses yang menunggu perminataan (request) dari proses lainnya dan menjalankan tugas sesuai dengn permintaan tersebut. Bila tidak ada request, maka program ini akan berada dalam kondisi idle dan tidak menggunakan waktu hitung CPU. Umumnya nama proses daemon di UNIX berakhiran d, misalnya [pre]netd[/pre] , [pre]named[/pre] ,\n[pre]popd[/pre] dll\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\neksekusi command [code]y[/code] untuk melanjutkan\n[/span]', 'Hint!\nexecute [code] y [/code]', 'eksekusi command [code]y[/code] untuk melanjutkan', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 12:05:17'),
(13, 6, 27, 'Booting', 'Boot Process Management', '30', '[h5] What is Boot [/h5]\n\nAre several stages in the process of booting the Linux operating system. Here is a process that is done in the boot:\n\n[strong] Booting Process [/strong]\nlilo will load the kernel first, then the kernel will check each device in the machine, and seanjutnya will run the init script.\n\n[strong] Init Script [/strong]\nInit is the first process that is executed by the system, init itself then run other processes that run at boot time. Init runs all the processes by  /etc /inittab.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nRead the contents of the file /etc /inittab  using the command [code] cat [/code]\n[/span]\n\n[strong] Mechanism Logs and System Messages [/strong]\nIn Linux there are two ways of logging, namely to:\n[pre] syslogd [/pre]\n[pre] klogd [/pre]\n\n[pre] syslogd [/pre], is used by various programs that use the function [pre] syslog () [/pre] fatherly enter the log records into the log files provided facilities by [pre] syslog () [/pre] which configuration file located in the [pre] /etc/syslog.conf [/pre]. Of the configuration file where the administrator can specify the log files are placed. By default the log file will be placed in the [pre] /var /log [/pre].\n\n[span class = "instructions"] \n[h5] Instructions [/h5]\nPlease read the contents of the file [pre] /etc/syslog.conf [/pre] using [code] cat [/code]\n\nAfter learning the functions [pre] syslog [/pre], next is the command uses the [code] cat [/code] show the contents of the file [pre] klogd [/pre] in the [pre] /etc/ [/pre], is system daemon that records all activity kernel and then document into a file.\n[/span]', '[h5]What is Booting[/h5]\n\nAdalah beberapa tahapan proses booting dalam system operasi Linux. Berikut adalah proses yang dikerjakan dalam booting :\n\n[strong]Booting Process[/strong]\npertama lilo akan meload kernel, kemudian kernel akan memeriksa setiap device yang ada di mesin, dan seanjutnya akan menjalankan script init.\n\n[strong]Script Init[/strong]\nInit adalah process pertama yang dijalankan oleh system, init sendiri kemudian menjalankan proses-proses lain yang dijalankan pada saat booting. Init menjalankan semua proses berdasarkan [pre]/etc/inittab[/pre].\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nBaca isi file dari [pre]/etc/inittab[/pre] menggunakan command [code]cat[/code]\n[/span]\n\n[strong]Mekanisme Log dan Pesan Sistem[/strong]\nDidalam Linux dikenal dua cara logging, yaitu dengan :\n[pre]syslogd[/pre]\n[pre]klogd[/pre] \n\n[pre]Syslogd[/pre], digunakan oleh berbagai macam program yang menggunakan fungsi [pre]syslog()[/pre] unutk memasukan catatan log ke dalam log file yang disediakan fasilitasnya oleh [pre]syslog()[/pre] yang konfigurasi filenya terletak di [pre]/etc/syslog.conf[/pre]. Dari file konfigurasi tersebut adminstrator dapat menentukan dimana log file diletakan. Secara default log file akan diletakan di [pre]/var/log[/pre].\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nSilahkan baca isi file [pre]/etc/syslog.conf[/pre] menggunakan [code]cat[/code]\n\nSetelah mengetahui fungsi [pre]syslog[/pre], selanjutnya adalah menggunaan command [code]cat[/code] tampilkan isi dari file [pre]klogd[/pre] didalam direktori [pre]/etc/[/pre], adalah system daemon yang mencatat segala aktifitas kernel dan kemudian mendokumentasikan ke dalam file.\n[/span]', 'Hint !\nUsing the command [code] cat [/ code], please read some of the files below:\n- / etc / ininttab\n- /etc/syslog.conf\n- /etc/klog.conf', 'Menggunakan command [code]cat[/code], silahkan baca beberapa file dibawah ini :\n- /etc/ininttab\n- /etc/syslog.conf\n- /etc/klog.conf', 'cat /etc/syslog.conf:cat /etc/inittab:cat /etc/klog.conf', '', 'posted', '2015-04-08 08:51:58'),
(14, 7, 28, 'Administration System', 'System Administration', '30', 'System administration is doing some important things pertaining to the user and group, some important issues are:\n- Registration login name\n- Freezing the user''s login name\n- Removal of the login name of the user\n- Creation of a new group\n- Distribution group\n- Setting the home directory\n- Security of password files\n\nIn the Linux system, the login name can be given to:\n- Normal users, for example: Pailus, Rizqi, Yussan, etc.\n- Application, example: mysql, facebook, etc.\n- Device, example: lp\n- Service, example: uget, ftp\n\nThe purpose of giving is to provide a login name on the identity of each entity\n\nThe following are some important commands used for administrative management in Linux:\n[strong] useradd [/strong], is used to add a user.\n[strong] userdel [/strong], is used to remove a user.\n[strong] usermod [/strong], is used to modify the data user.\n[strong] passwd [/strong], is used to change the password of each user.\n[strong] groupadd [/strong], is used to add a new group.\n[strong] groupdel [/strong], is used to delete a group.\n[strong] groupmod [/strong], is used to modify a group.\n\ndata associated with a user group by default located in the [pre] /etc /passwd [/pre], the following example of the contents of the file.\n\nStudent: x: 500: 500: FOSSIL Linuxourse 97: /home /user: / bin / bash student = specific user login name.\nx = password encrypted, stored in the [pre] /etc /shadow [/pre].\n500 = number UID (User ID).\n500 = number GID (Group ID).\nuser1 = a comment or description of the student user.\n/home /user = user home directory for the student.\n/bin / bash = default shell is used.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nTo better understand some of the command for administrative management, please run the command manually below and read them carefully.\n[code] man useradd [/code] [code] man userdel [/code] [code] man usermod [/code] [code] man passwd [/code] [code] man groupadd [/code], [code] groupdel man [/code] [code] groupmod man [/code]\n\nfor then please read the contents of the file [pre] /etc /passwd [/pre] using [code] cat /etc /passwd [/code] which contains a list of existing users on the system used.\n\npasswords are encrypted in the file [pre] /etc /shadow [/pre], [code] cat /etc /shadow [/code] The file contains encrypted passwords containing a string of characters that are hard to recognize\n\nto see a list of groups that exist in the file system can be seen in the [pre] cat /etc /group [/pre], the file only contains the name of the group, GID and users who become members of the group.\n[/span]', 'Sistem administrasi adalah melakukan beberapa hal penting yang berkaitan dengan user dan group, beberapa hal penting tersebut antara lain :\n- Pendaftaran nama login\n- Pembekuan nama login user\n- Penghapusan nama login user\n- Pembuatan group baru\n- Pembagian group\n- Pengaturan direktori home\n- pengamanan file-file password\n\nDalam sistem Linux, nama login dapat diberikan pada :\n- User biasa, contoh : Pailus, Rizqi, Yussan,dsb\n- Aplikasi, contoh : mysql, facebook,dsb\n- Device, contoh : lp\n- Service, contoh : uget, ftp\n\nTujuan pemberian nama login adalah untuk memberikan identitas pada tiap entitas\n\nberikut beberapa command penting yang digunakan untuk Manajemen Administrasi di Linux :\n[strong]useradd[/strong], digunakan untuk menambahkan sebuah user.\n[strong]userdel[/strong], digunakan untuk menghapus sebuah user.\n[strong]usermod[/strong], digunakan untuk memodifikasi data-data user.\n[strong]passwd[/strong], digunakan untuk merubah password setiap user.\n[strong]groupadd[/strong], digunakan untuk menambah group baru.\n[strong]groupdel[/strong], digunakan untuk menghapus sebuah group.\n[strong]groupmod[/strong], digunakan untuk memodifikasi sebuah group.\n\ndata-data yang berhubungan dengan user group secara default berada di dalam [pre]/etc/passwd[/pre], berikut contoh isi dari file tersebut.\n\n[pre]student:x:500:500:FOSSIL Linuxourse 97:/home/user:/bin/bash[/pre]\nstudent = nama login user tertentu.\nx = password yang dienkripsi, disimpan didalam [pre]/etc/shadow[/pre].\n500 = nomor UID (User ID).\n500 = nomor GID (Group ID).\nuser1 = komentar atau deskripsi dari user student.\n/home/user = direktori home untuk user student.\n/bin/bash = default shell yang digunakan.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nUntuk lebih memahami beberapa command untuk manajemen administrasi, silahkan jalankan command manual di bawah ini dan baca dengan seksama.\n[code]man useradd[/code], [code]man userdel[/code], [code]man usermod[/code], [code]man passwd[/code], [code]man groupadd[/code], [code]man groupdel[/code], [code]man groupmod[/code]\n\nuntuk selanjutnya silahkan baca isi dari dalam file [pre]/etc/passwd[/pre] menggunakan [code]cat /etc/passwd[/code] yang berisi daftar user yang ada pada sistem yang digunakan.\n\npassword yang dienkripsi berada pada file [pre]/etc/shadow[/pre], [code]cat /etc/shadow[/code] file tersebut berisi enkripsi password yang mengandung serangkaian karakter yang sulit untuk dikenali\n\nuntuk melihat daftar group yang ada di sistem bisa dilihat pada file [pre]cat /etc/group[/pre], file tersebut hanya berisi nama group, GID dan user-user yang menjadi anggota group tersebut.\n[/span]', 'Hint !\nexecute all commands available in the instructions to get to the next step.', 'jalankan semua command yang ada pada bagian instruksi untuk menuju step berikutnya.', 'man useradd:man userdel:man usermod:man passwd:man groupadd:man groupdel:man groupmod:cat /etc/passwd:cat /etc/shadow:cat /etc/group', '', 'posted', '2015-04-08 09:20:30'),
(15, 8, 31, 'Knowing Harddisk', 'Knowing Harddisk', '30', 'In storage management (storage), we will learn how a storage in this case we set the hard drive in order to work optimally.\n\n[h5] Hard [/h5]\nServes as data storage. The main objective is the hard drive to store information and upon request, send the information back. Disk function similar to an audio tape recorder.\n\n[strong] Construction Hard [/strong]\nDisc and head, is at the core of the hard drive that is used as a magnetic medium for storing various kinds of data.\n\n[strong] Track and Cylinder [/strong]\nA head which is divided again into smaller parts vertically or horizontally.\n\n[h5] Hard Products Standards [/h5]\n[Strong] ESDI [/strong]\nOr you could say a small hard drive.\n\n[strong] SCSI [/strong]\nIs a type of hard drive is able to work within 24 hours every day without stop, so that the disk type is suitable for the server.\n\n[strong] IDE / ATA [/strong], the type most widely used hard drive on a PC-type computers, with low prices and high Performance memungkinakan to own every house.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nfor command execution menlajutkan [code] y [/code]\n[/span]', 'Didalam menajemen penyimpanan (storage) ini, kita akan mempelajari bagaimana suatu storage dalam hal ini harddisk kita atur agar dapat bekerja secara optimal.\n\n[h5]Harddisk[/h5]\nBerfungsi sebagai tempat penyimpanan data. Tujuan utama harddisk adalah menyimpan informasi dan berdasarkan permintaan, mengirim kembali informasi itu. Fungsi harddisk mirip dengan perekam tape audio.\n\n[strong]Konstruksi Harddisk[/strong]\nPiringan dan head, merupakan inti dari harddisk yang digunakan sebagai media magnetik untuk menyimpan berbagai macam data.\n\n[strong]Track dan Cylinder[/strong]\nMerupakan head yang dibagi-bagi lagi menjadi bagian yang yang lebih kecil secara vertikal atau horisontal.\n\n[h5]Produk Harddisk Standar[/h5]\n[strong]ESDI[/strong]\nAtau bisa dibilang harddisk kecil.\n\n[strong]SCSI[/strong]\nMerupakan tipe harddisk yang mampu untuk bekerja dalam 24jam setiap harinya tanpa stop, sehingga tipe harddisk ini cocok digunakan untuk server.\n\n[strong]IDE/ATA[/strong], tipe harddisk yang paling banyak digunakan pada computer tipe PC, dengan harga yang murah dan peforma tinggi memungkinakan untuk dimiliki setiap rumah. \n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nuntuk menlajutkan eksekusi command [code]y[/code]\n[/span]', 'hint !\nexecution command [code] y [/ code] to continue', 'eksekusi command [code]y[/code] untuk melanjutkan', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 08:06:18'),
(16, 9, 34, 'Shell scripting', 'Shell scripting', '45', 'Shell is "the executive command" means a program that await instruction manual, check the syntax and translate instructions provided then executes it.\n\nIn general, the shell is marked with the command prompt, on Linux for the user is usually a sign of [pre] $ [/pre] and for the super user is usually a sign of [pre] # [/pre]. Shell used an assortment of e-course itself using shell [pre] bash [/pre].\n\n[h5] [strong] File Permission [/strong] [/h5]\nPerizina files and directories divided into 3 kinds of access, among others:\n[strong] READ [/strong] (r), read files and directories.\n[strong] WRITE [/strong] (w), write and create a file or directory.\n[strong] EXECUTE [/strong] (x), execute the file and enter the directory.\n\nOwnership of files and directories divided into three kinds of ownership, among others:\n\n[strong] Owner [/strong] u, ie certain users.\n[strong] Group [/strong] g, Die particular group.\n[strong] Others [/strong] o, which is in addition to the owner and group above.\n\nThe material above has been discussed in [a href = "#"] Level 2: File and Directory Management [/a].\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5] to proceed to the next step execution command [code] y [/code] [/span]', 'Shell adalah "command excecutive" artinya program yang menunggu instruksi user, memeriksa sintaks dan menerjemahkan instruksi yang diberikan kemudian mengeksekusinya.\n\nPada umumnya shell ditandai dengan command promp, di Linux untuk user biasanya tanda [pre]$[/pre] dan untuk super user biasanya tanda [pre]#[/pre]. Shell yang digunakan bermacam-macam untuk e-course ini sendiri menggunakan shell [pre]bash[/pre].\n\n[h5][strong]File Permission[/strong][/h5]\nPerizina file dan direktori dibagi atas 3 macam akses, antara lain :\n[strong]READ[/strong](r), membaca file dan direktori.\n[strong]WRITE[/strong](w), menulis dan mencipta file atau direktori.\n[strong]EXECUTE[/strong](x), mengeksekusi file dan memasuki direktori.\n\nKepemilikan file dan direktori dibagi atas 3 macam kepemilikan, antara lain :\n\n[strong]Owner[/strong] u, yaitu user tertentu.\n[strong]Group[/strong] g, yaitu group tertentu.\n[strong]Others[/strong] o, yaitu selain owner dan group diatas.\n\nMateri diatas telah dibahas pada [a href="#"]Level 2 : File dan Direktori Manajemen[/a].\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]untuk melanjutkan ke step berikutnya eksekusi command [code]y[/code][/span]', 'hint !\nexecution command [code] y [/code] to continue', 'eksekusi command [code]y[/code] untuk melanjutkan', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 08:36:19');
INSERT INTO `course` (`id_course`, `id_level`, `step`, `title`, `description`, `estimate`, `course_case_en`, `course_case_id`, `hint_en`, `hint_id`, `command`, `custom_controller`, `status`, `editdate`) VALUES
(20, 3, 5, 'Path Absolut dan Relatif', 'Knowing diference active directory and other directories', '5', '[h5] Linux Path [/h5]\nWhen switching from one directory to another directory in Linux, known as 2 kinds of paths, namely absolute and relative. Absolute path refers to the name of a directory of the root directory of linux (/). So if we want to refer to the pathname of the directory directly which is a subdirectory of the current directory, it will be like this / parent / child directory, while the other one will like this can be directly invoked child is still a child directory home directory of the active directory now.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\n[strong] Tests relative path [/strong]\nmove to the directory [pre] /home [/pre] using the command [code] cd /home [/code] and then go to the directory [pre] user [/pre] using the command [code] user cd [/code].\n\ncheck the location of current active directory with the command [code] pwd [/code], then the active directory is now in the [pre] /home /user [/pre]\n\n[strong] Test absolute path [/strong]\nfrom the current position to move to the directory [pre] /home /user [/pre] using the command [code] cd /home /user [/code]\n\ncheck the location of current active directory with the command [code] pwd [/code], then the active directory is now in the [pre] /home /user [/pre]\n[/span]', '[h5]Linux Path[/h5]\nKetika berpindah dari satu direktori ke direktori lainnya di Linux dikenal 2 macam path, yaitu absolute dan relatif. Path absolut mengacu nama sebuah direktori  dari root directory linux (/). Jadi jika  kita  ingin  mengacu  nama  path dari  direktori  secara langsung yang merupakan subdirektori dari direktori sekarang, akan seperti ini /parent/child directory, sedangkan  yang  satunya lagi akan seperti ini bisa langsung dipanggil child directory asal masih merupakan child directory dari active directory sekarang.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\n[strong]Tes relatif path[/strong]\npindah ke directory [pre]/home[/pre] menggunakan command [code]cd /home[/code] kemudian masuk ke directory [pre]user[/pre] menggunakan command [code]cd user[/code].\n\ncek lokasi active directory sekarang dengan command [code]pwd[/code], maka active directory sekarang berada di [pre]/home/user[/pre]\n\n[strong]Tes absolute path[/strong]\ndari posisi sekarang pindah ke directory [pre]/home/user[/pre] menggunakan command [code]cd /home/user[/code]\n\ncek lokasi active directory sekarang dengan command [code]pwd[/code], maka active directory sekarang berada di [pre]/home/user[/pre]\n[/span]', 'execute all commands that are in town instructions to proceed', 'jalankan semua command yang ada didalam kota instruksi untuk melanjutkan', 'cd /home:cd user:cd /home/user:pwd', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 01:04:42'),
(21, 3, 1, 'Welcome To Materi', 'Welcome To Materi', '1', 'About Materi', 'Tentang Materi\r\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\r\nexecute command [code]to start next step[/code]\r\n[/span]', '', '', 'y', '', 'posted', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(27, 3, 6, 'Manual Page', 'Mengetahui fungsi dan penggunaan dari halaman manual', '5', 'Page Linux Manual is an innate facility that contains references about the various commands available in Linux. Man really helps the Linux users to mepelajari command and optionsnya. With the [code] man [/ code] you will know the following things:\n[strong]1[/strong] program executable or shell command\n[strong]2[/strong] System calls (functions provided by the kernel)\n[strong]3[/strong] Library calls (function which resides in the program library)\n[strong]4[/strong] Special files commonly found in [code] /dev [/code]\n[strong]5[/strong] File Formats and conventions eg [code] /etc /passwd [/code]\n[strong]6[/strong] Games\n[strong]7[/strong] Miscellaneous (including macro packages and convetions)\n[strong]8[/strong] System administration commands (which is only used by root)\n[strong]9[/strong] Kernel rountines\n\n[h5]Example Usage[/h5]\n\n[code]man ls[/code], display the manual page of the program [code]ls[/code]\n\nTo discover more options provided by the [code]man[/code] please check manually by using the command man [code]man man[/code]. Here are some options that are often used in [code]man[/code]\n\n[code]man -k printf[/code], to search a brief description and the name of the man pages for some commands that use the word [code]prinf[/code].\n[code]ls man -f[/code]or[code]ls -r man[/code], to search a brief description and the name of the manual page for the command [code] s[/code].\n\n[span class = "instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nusing the command [code] man [/code] please show page manual of some of the command below:\n[code]pwd[/code]\n[code]ls[/code]\n[code]cd[/code]\n[code]mv[/code]\n[code]cp[/code]\n[code]rm[/code]\nunderstand the command above because it is the most frequently used commands when using Linux.\n[span]', 'Halaman Manual adalah fasilitas bawaan Linux yang berisi referensi tentang berbagai command yang ada di Linux. Man sangat membantu Linux user untuk mepelajari command dan optionsnya. Dengan [code]man[/code] anda akan mengetahui berbagai hal berikut :\n[strong]1 [/strong]program yang bisa dieksekusi atau shell command\n[strong]2 [/strong]System calls (function yang disediakan oleh kernel)\n[strong]3 [/strong]Library calls (function yang berada didalam library program)\n[strong]4 [/strong]Spesial file yang biasa didapatkan di [code]/dev[/code]\n[strong]5 [/strong]File Formats and conventions eg [code]/etc/passwd[/code]\n[strong]6 [/strong]Games\n[strong]7 [/strong]Miscellaneous (meliputi macro packages dan convetions)\n[strong]8 [/strong]System administration commands (yang hanya digunakan oleh root)\n[strong]9 [/strong]Kernel rountines\n\n[h5]Contoh Penggunaan[/h5]\n\n[code]man ls[/code], menampilkan halaman manual dari program [ls]\n\nUntuk mengetahui lebih lengkap options yang disediakan oleh [code]man[/code] silahkan cek manual man dengan menggunakan perintah [code]man man[/code]. Berikut adalah beberapa options yang sering digunakan di [code]man[/code]\n\n[code]man -k printf[/code], melakukan pencarian deskripsi singkat dan nama halaman manual untuk beberapa command yang menggunakan kata [code]prinf[/code].\n[code]man -f ls[/code] atau [code]man -r ls[/code], melakukan pencarian deskripsi singkat dan nama halaman manual untuk command [code]ls[/code].\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nmenggunakan command [code]man[/code] silahkan tampilkan halaman manual dari beberapa command dibawah ini :\n[code]pwd[/code]\n[code]ls[/code]\n[code]cd[/code]\n[code]mv[/code]\n[code]cp[/code]\n[code]rm[/code]\npahami command diatas karena merupakan command yang paling sering digunakan ketika menggunakan Linux.\n[/span]\n', 'man pwd:man ls:man cd:man mv:man cp:man rm', 'menggunakan command [code]man[/code] silahkan tampilkan halaman manual dari beberapa command dibawah ini :\n[code]man pwd[/code]\n[code]man ls[/code]\n[code]man cd[/code]\n[code]man mv[/code]\n[code]man cp[/code]\n[code]man rm[/code]\npahami command diatas karena merupakan command yang paling sering digunakan ketika menggunakan Linux.\n', 'man pwd:man ls:man cd:man mv:man cp:man rm', '', 'posted', '2015-04-08 08:24:29'),
(28, 3, 7, 'Input Output Standar', 'Input output standar on Linux Shell', '10', 'Standard Input Output Redirection / Diversion\n\n[h5] Linux Input / Output [/h5]\nLinux Command given by Shell called the execution of the program, hereinafter referred to as a process. Each time the instruction is given, then Linux will create a process by providing a PID (Process Identity).\n\nIn the context of the Linux input / output is:\nkeyboard (input)\nscreen (output)\nFiles\nkernel data structures\nI / O Other (eg network)\n\n[h5] File Descriptor [/h5]\nLinux to communicate with the file through the file descriptor of the figures presented 0,1,2 and so on. three standard descriptor is used as the process is:\n0 = keyboard (standard input)\n1 = screen (standard output)\n2 = screen (standard error)\n*) Linux does not distinguish between hardware and files, because Linux is manipulated so that the hardware is considered as a file.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nexecution command [code] y [/code] to continue\n[/span]', '[h5]Linux Input/Output Standar[/h5]\nCommand yang diberikan pada Linux melalui Shell disebut sebagai eksekusi program yang selanjutnya disebut sebagai proses. Setiap kali instruksi diberikan, maka linux akan membuat sebuah proses dengan memberikan sebuah PID(Process Identity).\n\nDalam konteks Linux input/output adalah :\nkeyboard (input)\nlayar (output)\nFiles \nstruktur data kernel \nperalatan I/O lainnya (misalkan network)\n\n[h5]File Descriptor[/h5]\nLinux berkomunikasi dengan file melalui file descriptor yang dipresentasikan dari angka 0,1,2 dan seterusnya. tiga buah descriptor standar yang digunakan sebagai proses adalah :\n0 = keyboard (standar input)\n1 = layar (standar output)\n2 = layar (standar error)\n*)Linux tidak membedakan antara hardware dan file, karena Linux memanipulasi agar hardware dianggap sebagai file.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\neksekusi command [code]y[/code] untuk melanjutkan\n[/span]', 'y', 'eksekusi command [code]y[/code] untuk melanjutkan', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 09:51:52'),
(29, 3, 8, 'Input Output Standar :: 2', 'more about Linux input output standart', '20', '[h5] Diversion of Standard Input [/h5]\n[pre]> [/pre], directly to the case there is a command [code] echo ''hello''> publicfile [/code]. The results echo command is used weeks to display a string on the screen would have been turned into publicfile file, so that the contents publicfile berubahan be ''hello''.\n[span class = ''instructions''] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nshow the contents of the file publicfile with [code] echo ''hello''> publicfile [/code], and display the contents publicfile [code] publicfile paint [/code]\n[/span]\n\n[pre] >> [/pre], directly to the case there is a command [code] echo ''whats up''> publicfile [/code]. The results echo command is used weeks to display a string on the screen would have been turned into publicfile without deleting the previous files, so that the contents publicfile berubahan be ''hello'' and ''whats up''.\n[span class = ''instructions''] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nshow the contents of the file publicfile with [code] echo ''whats up'' >> publicfile [/code], and display the contents publicfile [code] publicfile paint [/code]\n[/span]\n\n[h5] Deflection Standard Error [/h5]\n[pre] 2> [/pre], one of the shortcomings of the standard deflection output is not used for diverting when it turns out there is an error when executing the command, so that the required deflection error standard, with the aim of error messages that have been turned as standard output. Besides, another characteristic of a standard deflection error will also display the objects on the screen what is the standard ouputnya.\n[span class = ''instructions''] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\n[sode] echo ''mama'' 2> publicfile [/code], in addition to distorting echo ''mama'' to publicfile, also displays the results of the execution of echo ''mama''\n[/span]', 'Didalam linux ada 2 symbol penting yang digunakan untuk majemen standar input output, yaitu ''redirection'' dan pipeline.\n\n[strong]Redirection[/strong], atau bisa dibilang pembelokan yang dimaksud adalah pembelokan untuk standar input/output.\n\n[h5]Pembelokan Standar Input[/h5] \n[pre]<[/pre] , merupakan standart input dengan format penulisan [code]output > input[/code], sebagai contoh adalah [code]cat < publicfile[/code], cat merupakan command untuk menampilkan isi dari suatu file. Dalam kasus ini cat akan menampilkan isi dari file yang menjadi standar inputnya melalui redirection yaitu file [pre]publicfile[/pre].\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\ntampilkan isi dari file publicfile dengan [code]cat publicfile[/code], kemudian tampilkan publicfile sebagai standar input untuk command cat [code]cat < publicfile[/code]\n[/span]\n\n[h5]Pembelokan Standar Input[/h5]\n[pre]>[/pre], langsung ke contoh kasus ada command [code]echo ''hello'' > publicfile[/code]. Hasil command echo yang digunakan utuk menampilkan string di layar akan dibelokan kedalam file publicfile, sehingga isi publicfile berubahan menjadi ''hello''.\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\ntampilkan isi dari file publicfile dengan [code]echo ''hello'' > publicfile[/code], kemudian tampilkan isi publicfile [code]cat publicfile[/code]\n[/span]\n\n[pre]>>[/pre], langsung ke contoh kasus ada command [code]echo ''whats up'' > publicfile[/code]. Hasil command echo yang digunakan utuk menampilkan string di layar akan dibelokan kedalam file publicfile tanpa menghapus sebelumnya, sehingga isi publicfile berubahan menjadi ''hello'' dan ''whats up''.\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\ntampilkan isi dari file publicfile dengan [code]echo ''whats up'' >> publicfile[/code], kemudian tampilkan isi publicfile [code]cat publicfile[/code]\n[/span]\n\n[h5]Pembelokan Standar Error[/h5]\n[pre]2>[/pre], salah satu kekurangan dari pembelokan standar output adalah tidak bisa digunakan untuk membelokan ketika ternyata terjadi error ketika mengeksekusi command, sehingga diperlukan pembelokan standar error, dengan tujuan pesan error yang dibelokan sebagai standar output. Disamping itu ciri lain dari pembelokan standar error juga akan menampilkan dilayar objek apa yang menjadi standar ouputnya. \n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\n[code]echo ''mama'' 2> publicfile[/code], disamping membelokan echo ''mama'' ke publicfile, juga menampilkan hasil eksekusi dari echo ''mama''\n[/span]', 'execute all commands available at the instructions in order to proceed to the next step', 'jalankan semua command yang ada pada bagian intruksi agar bisa melanjutkan ke step berikutnya', 'cat /home/user/publicfile:echo ''hello'' > publicfile:echo whats up >> publicfile:echo mama 2> publicfile', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 09:53:30'),
(30, 3, 9, 'Redirection', 'redirection', '5', 'Standard Input Output Redirection / Diversion\n\n[h5] Linux Input / Output: Redirection [/h5]\nDiversion done for standard input, output/error. Namely to mengalihakan file descriptor 0.1 and 2. The symbols used for redirection is as follows.\n[code] 0 <[/code] or [code] <[/code] replaces the standard input\n[code] 1> [/code] or [code]> [/code] replaces the standard output\n[code] 2> [/code] to replace the standard error\n[code] >> [/code] to add the contents of the standard output file redirection\n[code] 2 >> [/code] to add the contents of the standard error file redirection\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\n[strong] The standard error [/strong]\n[code] mkdir mydir [/code], then try again [code] mkdir [/code] it appears eeror message because there is a directory with the same name.\n\n[strong] Standard Input [/strong]\n[code] cat < publicfile [/code], then the contents of the file  redirect  publicfile to be a cat command input.\n\n[strong] Standard Output [/strong]\n[code] echo ''whats up world'' [/code], display the screen to the message [i] whats up world [/i][/code]\n\n[strong] Redirection [/strong]\n[code] echo ''whats up world ''> publicfile [/code], distorting the output of the echo command into a file publicfile, then read the contents of the [pre] publicfile [/pre] with the command [code] cat publicfile[/code]\n\nsearch for files [pre] passwd [/pre] in the directory [pre] /etc [/pre] [code] find /etc -name passwd [/code].\ndistorting the output results into a file [pre] publicfile [/pre] [code] find /etc -name passwd > publicfile [/code], then read the contents of the file publicfile, the previous content will be lost and overlain by the current input.\n\nTo make data not replacement old content use [code] >> [/code] on redirection.\ndo a file search [pre] hosts [/pre] in directory [pre] /etc [/pre] then steered output search results to add to the contents of the [pre] publicfile [/pre] [code] find /etc -name hosts >> publicfile [/code]\n[/span]', '[h5]Linux Input/Output : Redirection[/h5]\nPembelokan dilakukan untuk standar input, output / error. Yaitu untuk mengalihakan file descriptor 0,1 dan 2. Simbol yang digunakan untuk redirection adalah sebagai berikut.\n[code]0 <[/code] atau [code]<[/code] menggantikan standar input\n[code]1 >[/code] atau [code]>[/code] menggantikan standar output\n[code]2>[/code] mengganti standar error\n[code]>>[/code] menambahkan isi file hasil redirection standar output\n[code]2>>[/code] menambahkan isi file hasil redirection standar error\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\n[strong]Standar error[/strong]\n[code]mkdir mydir[/code], kemudian coba lagi [code]mkdir[/code] maka muncul pesan eeror karena sudah ada direktori dengan nama yang sama. \n\n[strong]Standar Input[/strong]\n[code]cat < publicfile[/code], maka mebelokan isi file publicfile untuk dijadikan input perintah cat.\n\n[strong]Standar Output[/strong]\n[code]echo ''whats up world[/code], menampilkan ke layar pesan [i]whats up world[/i]\n\n[strong]Redirection[/strong]\n[code]echo ''whats up world'' > publicfile[/code], membelokan output dari perintah echo kedalam file publicfile, kemudian baca isi dari [pre]publicfile[/pre] dengan command [code]cat publicfile[/code]\n\nmencari file [pre]passwd[/pre] di dalam directory [pre]/etc[/pre] [code]find /etc -name passwd[/code].\nmembelokan ouput hasil pencarian kedalam file [pre]publicfile[/pre] [code]find /etc -name passwd > publicfile[/code], kemudian baca isi dari file publicfile, maka isi sebelumnya akan hilang dan ditindih oleh input terbaru.\n\nAgar data tidak tertindih maka menggunakan [code]>>[/code] pada redirectionnya.\nlakukan pencarian file [pre]hosts[/pre] pada directori [pre]/etc[/pre] kemudian belokkan output hasil pencarian untuk menambah isi dari [pre]publicfile[/pre] [code]find /etc -name hosts >> publicfile[/code]\n[/span]', 'Read earnestly case above, then you will easily understand', 'Jalankan semua command yang ada didalam box instructions untuk bisa melanjutkan ke step berikutnya', 'mkdir mydir:cat < publicfile:echo ''whats up world'' > publicfile:cat /home/user/publicfile:find /etc -name passwd:find /etc -name passwd > publicfile:find /etc -name hosts >> publicfile', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 11:42:03'),
(31, 3, 10, 'Redirection Case', 'Redirection ', '10', '[h5] diverting Standard Input [/h5]\nTo understand more about the start of input and output on Linux, please do the following cases.\n[Span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\ncreate a new file named [pre] iofile [/pre] with the command [code] touch iofile [/code] in within the current directory.\n\nStandard curves output [code] echo ''whats up'' [/code] to file [pre] iofile [/pre] just created.\n\nShow the contents of the [pre] iofile [/pre], to ensure that the standard deflection output successfully performed.\n[/span]\n\n[h5] diverting Standard Output [/h5]\n[Span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nby using the [pre] cat [/pre] use file [pre] iofile [/pre] as standard input. Then the shell will display the contents of the file [pre] iofile [/pre].\n[/span]\n\n[h5] Replace and Marging Standard Deflection Output [/h5]\n2 kinds of standard deflection output. [code]> [/code] replaces the standard output the contents of the previous and the [code] >> [/code] to add the contents of the previous output standards.\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nCurves of the output [code] echo ''first input'' [/code] to file [code] iofile [/code]. Show the contents of the file iofile [code] iofile paint [/code], then the contents of the previous input standard ''whats up world'' will disappear, replaced with the following output standards.\n\nSo that the contents of the next standard output, do the following command example:\nDistorting the results echo as standard input to the file [pre] iofile [/pre] without changing the previous contents. [code] echo ''second'' >> iofile [/code].\n\nShow the contents of [pre] iofile [/pre] for comparison\n[/span]', '[h5]Membelokan Standar Input[/h5]\nUntuk lebih memahami tentang start input dan output pada Linux, silahkan kerjakan kasus dibawah ini.\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nbuat file baru bernama [pre]iofile[/pre] dengan command [code]touch iofile[/code] di didalam direktori saat ini.\n\nBelokan standar output [code]echo ''whats up''[/code]  ke file [pre]iofile[/pre] yang baru saja dibuat.\n\nTampilkan isi dari [pre]iofile[/pre], untuk memastikan bahwa pembelokan standar output berhasil dilakukan.\n[/span]\n\n[h5]Membelokan Standar Output[/h5]\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\ndengan menggunakan [pre]cat[/pre] gunakan file [pre]iofile[/pre] sebagai standar inputnya. Maka shell akan menampilkan isi dari file [pre]iofile[/pre].\n[/span]\n\n[h5]Replace dan Marging Standar Pembelokan Output[/h5]\n2 macam pembelokan standar output. [code]>[/code] menggantikan isi dari standar output sebelumnya dan [code]>>[/code] menambah isi dari standar output sebelumnya.\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nBelokan hasil output [code]echo ''first input''[/code] kedalam file [code]iofile[/code]. Tampilkan isi dari file iofile [code]cat iofile[/code], maka isi dari standar input sebelumnya yaitu ''whats up world'' akan hilang, digantikan dengan standar output berikutnya. \n\nAgar isi dari standart output berikutnya, lakukan contoh command berikut :\nMembelokan hasil echo sebagai standar input ke file [pre]iofile[/pre] tanpa merubah isi sebelumnya. [code]echo ''second'' >> iofile[/code].\n\nTampilkan isi [pre]iofile[/pre] untuk perbandingan\n[/span]', 'Create a new file named iofile with the command  [code] touch iofile [/code] .\nRedirect results echo ''hello world'' with the command  [code] echo ''whats up''> iofile [/code] .\nUsing iofile as standard input to paint with the command  [code] cat < iofile [/code] .\nUse >> standard output that results redirection not erase the previous contents of iofile  [code] echo ''second'' >> iofile [/code]', 'Buat file baru bernama iofile dengan command [code]touch iofile[/code]. Redirect hasil echo ''hello world'' dengan command [code]echo ''whats up'' > iofile[/code]. Menggunakan iofile sebagai standar input untuk cat dengan command [code]cat < iofile[/code]. Gunakan >> agar hasil pembelokan standar output tidak mengahapus isi sebelumnya dari iofile [code] echo ''second'' >> iofile [/code]', 'touch iofile:echo ''whats up'' > iofile:cat /home/user/iofile:cat < iofile:echo ''first input'' > iofile:echo ''second'' >> iofile', '', 'posted', '2015-06-06 09:41:50'),
(32, 3, 11, 'Pipeline', 'Pipeline to manage command on Linux shell', '5', '[h5] Linux Input / Output: Pipeline [/h5]\nThe main objective is the use of the pipeline using the output of the process to be used as an input for the next process. For more details please check mechanism shown below.\ninput => proses1 => output = input => Proses2 => output \n\nThe relationship between output and input is called the pipeline and expressed by the symbol [code] | [/code].\n[pre] process 1 | 2 processes [/pre]\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nHere is a brief example of the use of the pipeline, run the command [code] ps -aux [/code] to know all the processes that are running in the current shell.  For the next display all running processes on shell with the process requirements possessed the words ''sbin'', using grep pipeline and then command be like [code] ps -aux | grep sbin [/code]\n[/span]', '[h5]Linux Input/Output : Pipeline[/h5]\nTujuan utama penggunaan pipeline adalah menggunakan output dari proses untuk dijadikan sebuah input bagi proses berikutnya. Untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan cek mekanisme gambar dibawah ini.\n[pre]input=>proses1=>output=input=>proses2=>output[/pre]\n\nHubungan antar ouput dan input ini dinamakan pipeline dan dinyatakan dengan simbol [code]|[/code].\n[pre]proses 1 | proses 2[/pre]\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nBerikut adalah contoh singkat penggunaan pipeline, jalankan command [code]ps -aux[/code] untuk mengetahui semua proses yang sedang berjalan di shell saat ini. Untuk berikutnya adalah menampilkan semua proses yang berjalan dishell dengan syarat proses tersebut mempunya kata-kata ''sbin'', menggunakan pipeline dan grep maka commandnya menjadi seperti [code]ps -aux | grep sbin[/code]\n[/span]', 'Run the command according to the instructions given in the box instructions to proceed to the next step', 'Jalankan command sesuai petunjuk yang diberikan di kotak instructions untuk melanjutkan ke step berikutnya', 'ps -aux', '', 'posted', '2015-04-08 08:28:09'),
(33, 3, 12, 'Pipeline Case', 'Linux pipeline case', '10', 'Standard Input Output Pipeline\n\ncombine the pipeline to facilitate filtration display. Using the pipeline do the following:\n[h5] Case: [/h5]\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\n1) Show all processes running in the current shell.\n2) Show all processes that are in ''/sbin'' and is running in the current shell, use the [code] grep [/code] to search by keyword.\n3) Show all processes that are in ''/sbin'' and sort by ''ascending'', use the [code] sort [/code] to perform sorting of data\n\n[h5]Importand![/h5]\nwriting standart pipeline is adding space before and after the pipeline\n[/span]', '[h5]Case :[/h5]\nmengkombinasikan pipeline untuk mempermudah filterisasi tampilan. Menggunakan pipeline lakukan beberapa hal berikut :\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\n1)Tampilkan semua proses yang berjalan di shell saat ini.\n2)Tampilkan semua proses yang berada di ''/sbin'' dan sedang berjalan di shell saat ini, gunakan [code]grep[/code] untuk melakukan pencarian berdasarkan keyword.\n3)Tampilkan semua proses yang berada di ''/sbin'' dan sortir berdasarkan ''ascending'', gunakan [code]sort[/code] untuk melakukan penyortiran data\n\n[h5]Penting![/h5]\npenulisan pipeline yang standar adalah menambahkan spasi di sebelum dan setelah pipeline\n[/span]', '1) Displays all processes using the comman [code] ps -aux [/code]\n2) Displays all the processes that are in /sbin, using the command [code] ps -aux | grep /sbin [/code]\n3) Displays all the processes that are in / sbin and displays based ascendig, use [code] ps -aux | grep /sbin | sort[/code]', '1)Menampilkan semua proses gunakan comman [code]ps -aux[/code]\n2)Menampilkan semua proses yang berada di /sbin, menggunakan command [code]ps -aux|grep /sbin[/code]\n3)Menampilkan semua proses yang berada di /sbin dan menampilkan berdasarkan ascendig, menggunakan [code]pas -aux|grep /sbin|sort[/code]', 'ps aux:ps -aux | grep /sbin:ps -aux | grep /sbin | sort', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 02:24:25'),
(34, 4, 13, 'Linux FIle System', 'Linux file system description, standart and using', '10', 'File System is the structure used an information system to read the hard drive. There are many types of existing sytem files. For example, on Windows recognize (FAT, FAT31, NTFS), the Macintosh know (JFS), for its own use Linux (EXT) Extended File Type, for there own stuff Ext1, EXT2, EXT3 and to date in 2015 is EXT4.\n\n[h5] Directory and Partitions [/h5]\nLinux filesystems tantamount to Windows, equally familiar isstilah ''root directory''. In Windows there is a directory named ''root'', but in fact that is the root directory on Windows is C: //, d: // and so on, the root directory is the directory where will all be branched\n\n[h5] Linux Do not Know Drive C, D, E [/h5]\nThis is where the difference in the organization of the Linux file. You could say [pre] /etc [/pre] [pre] /boot [/pre], etc. it is the same partition as it is known in Windows. Because in Windows could only recognize one primary partition and one extended partition and (while in Linux can we can create a directory or partition it very much). Windows partition as read on the Linux Operating System will only be read as a normal directory.\n\n[h5] Naming File [/h5]\nFile naming system in Linux is more flexible. In the sense that not all the files require the same extension as in Windows. As an example we create a file with the name [pre] datasaya [/pre] then Linux will be able to read it with ease. In addition, the file extensions in Linux is only useful to indicate what is the function of the file, for example [pre] nama.conf [/pre] as configuration, [pre] app.sh [/pre] for a script file.\n\n[h5] Device = Filename [/h5]\nOne more interesting than Linux. Peripheral devices such as hard drives, CD-ROM, models, etc., written in the form of a file. The device list can be found in the directory [pre] /dev [/pre]\n\n[h5] Directory In Linux [/h5]\nAll information stored in Linux are in a file structure. System files are arranged in directories that resembles a tree structure (like a tree with roots above and branches are below).\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nexecution command [code] y [/code] to continue\n[/span]', 'File System merupakan struktur yang digunakan sebuah sistem informasi untuk membaca harddisk. Ada banyak tipe file sytem yang ada. Contohnya pada Windows mengenal (FAT, FAT31,NTFS), pada Machintos mengenal (JFS), untuk Linux sendiri menggunakan (EXT)Extended File Type, untuk macamnya sendiri ada EXT1,EXT2,EXT3 dan hingga saat ini tahun 2015 adalah EXT4.\n\n[h5]Direktori dan Partisi[/h5]\nFilesystem di Linux sama saja dengan Windows, sama-sama mengenal isstilah ''root directory''. Didalam Windows tidak terdapat direktori bernama ''root'', tapi sebenarnya yang dimaksud root directory di Windows adalah c://, d:// dan seterusnya, root directory adalah tempat dimana nantinya semua direktori akan bercabang\n\n[h5]Linux Tidak Mengenal Drive C,D,E[/h5]\nDisinilah perbedaan organisasi file dari Linux. Bisa dikatakan [pre]/etc[/pre] , [pre]/boot[/pre] , dll itu adalah partisi yang sama seperti yang dikenal dalam Windows. Sebab di Windows hanya bisa mengenal 1 partisi utama dan dan 1 partisi extended(sedangkan di Linux bisa kita bisa membuat direktori atau partisi itu sangat banyak). Partisi Windows ketika dibaca pada Sistem Operasi Linux hanya akan terbaca sebagai direktori biasa saja.\n\n[h5]Penamaan File[/h5]\nSistem penamaan file di Linux lebih fleksibel. Dalam artian tidak semua file memerlukan ekstension sama seperti di Windows. Sebagai contoh kita membuat file dengan nama [pre]datasaya[/pre] maka Linux akan bisa membacanya dengan mudah. Selain itu ektensi file di Linux hanya berguna untuk menandakan apa fungsi dari file tersebut, sebagai contoh [pre]nama.conf[/pre] sebagai konfigurasi, [pre]app.sh[/pre] untuk file script.\n\n[h5]Device = Nama File[/h5]\nSatu lagi yang menarik dari Linux. Device-device seperti harddisk, CDROM, model, dsb, ditulis dalam bentuk sebuah file. Daftar device tersebut dapat dilihat dalam direktori [pre]/dev[/pre]\n\n[h5]Direktori Dalam Linux[/h5]\nSeluruh informasi yang tersimpan dalam Linux berada pada sebuah struktur file. Sistem file yang tersusun dalam direktori-direktori yang menyerupai struktur pohon (seperti pohon dengan akar berada diatas dan cabang dibawah).\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\neksekusi command [code]y[/code] untuk melanjutkan\n[/span]', 'Hint!\nrun command [code] y [/code] and then click the button to check', 'hint id', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 10:03:12'),
(35, 4, 14, 'Virtual Memory', 'Virtual memory is importand part of Linux shell', '5', 'Virtual memory is a mechanism used by the application to use in part of the secondary memory (storage) as if using a primary memory (RAM) that is installed in a system.\n\nThis mechanism operates by moving some code that does not dibuthkan to a file on the hard drive called the swap file, the page file or swap partition.\n\n[h5] Swap in Linux [/h5]\nFor ease of explanation can be compared as follows:\nProcessors = director\nRAM = workbench\nkernel = workspace\nprocess = files\n\nWhen the director of the work, the work table will be stacked by various existing files. When the file works too much, the director no longer have a place to work, for it provided a new room again (swaps) are used as shelters for temporary files, and then be done later.\n\nYou should also know that Linux allows one to use several swap partitions and /or swap files at the same time, so you can add a swap partition as many as you need\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nto continue the execution of the command [code] y [/code]\n[/span]', 'Memory virtual adalah sebuah mekanisme yang digunakan oleh aplikasi untuk menggunakan sebagaian dari memory sekunder(storage) seolah-olah menggunakan memory primary(RAM) yang terinstall didalam sebuah sistem.\n\nMekanisme ini beroperasi dengan cara memindahkan beberapa kode yang tidak dibuthkan ke sebuah berkas di dalam hard drive yang disebut dengan swap file, page file atau swap partition.\n\n[h5]Swap di Linux[/h5]\nUntuk memudahkan penjelasan kita ibaratkan sebagai berikut :\nProsesor = direktur\nRAM = meja kerja\nkernel = ruangan kerja\nproses = berkas-berkas\n\nSaat direktur bekerja, maka meja kerjanya akan ditumpuk oleh berbagai berkas-berkas yang ada. Ketika berkas kerjanya terlalu banyak maka direktur tidak mempunyai tempat lagi untuk bekerja, untuk itu disediakan ruang baru lagi (swap) yang digunakan sebagai tempat penampungan berkas sementara, untuk kemudian dikerjakan kemudian.\n\nAnda juga harus tahu bahwa Linux memungkinkan seseorang untuk menggunakan beberapa partisi swap dan / atau file swap pada saat yang sama, sehingga anda bisa menambah partisi swap sebanyak apapun yang anda butuhkan\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nuntuk melanjutkan eksekusi command [code]y[/code]\n[/span]\n', 'Hint! :\nto continue the execution of the command [code] y [/code]', 'untuk melanjutkan eksekusi command [code]y[/code]\n', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 10:06:00'),
(36, 4, 15, 'Ownership 1 : Introduce', 'Ownership on Linux file and directory management', '10', 'Files in Linux has the access rights of each, access rights are divided into three parts, namely:\nr (read /read)\nw (write /read)\nx (execute /execution)\n\nTo perform a check to a file can be done by running the command [code] ls -l [/code].\nof the command will be able to produce the following display.\nDRW-rw-rw- 4 user users 4096 Nov 3 21:50 mydirectory\n-rwxrwxrwx 0 user users 4096 Nov 3, 21:50 myfile\n\nfrom the above display is divided into six main fields as follows.\nColumn 1 [pre] DRW-rw-rw [/pre]\ncolumn 2 [pre] 4 [/pre]\ncolumn 3 [pre] user users 4096 [/pre]\ncolumn 4 [pre] Nov 3, 21:50 [/pre]\ncolumn 5 [pre] mydirectory [/pre]\n\n[h5] Column 1 [pre] DRW-rw-rw - [/pre] [/h5]\nsubdivided into several sections\n[pre] d [/pre] imply that directory, besides that there are many more attributes for this first column, as follows:\n[pre] - [/pre], regular file\n[pre] d [/pre], regular directory\n[pre] l [/pre], a symbolic link\n[pre] b [/pre], block special file\n[pre] c [/pre], character special file\n[pre] s [/pre], socket link\n[pre] p [/pre], FIFO\n\n[pre] rw - [/pre] permissions are granted to a user or principal owner, the user is granted the permissions r + w, which means read and write.\n\n[pre] rw - [/pre] permissions are granted to a group of primary user, group permissions granted r + w, which means read and write.\n\n[pre] rw - [/pre] permissions are granted to companies or public, of granted permissions r + w, which means read and write.\n\n[h5] column 2 [pre] 4 [/pre] [/h5]\nnumber of links related to that directory\n\n[h5] column 3 [pre] user users 4096 [/pre] [h5]\nshows the user the owner of the file name /directory, users are a group of owners are, and the last number is the number of characters.\n\n[h5] column 4 [pre] Nov 3, 21:50 [/pre] [/h5]\nTime when the last time the file /directory is modified /altered\n\n[h5] column 5 [pre] mydirectory [/pre] [/h5]\nThe name of the file I /directory\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nto continue the execution of the command [code] y [/code]\n[/span]', 'File di Linux memiliki hak aksesnya masing-masing, hak akses tersebut terbagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu :\nr (read/baca)\nw (write/baca)\nx (execute/eksekusi)\n\nUntuk melakukan cek terhadap suatu file bisa dilakukan dengan menjalankan command [code]ls -l[/code].\ndari command tersebut dapat akan menghasilkan tampilan sebagai berikut.\n[pre]\ndrw-rw-rw-  4 user users  4096 Nov 3 21:50 mydirectory\n-rwxrwxrwx  0 user users 4096 Nov 3 21:50 myfile\n[/pre]\n\ndari tampilan diatas terbagi menjadi 6 kolom utama sebagai berikut.\nKolom 1 [pre]drw-rw-rw[/pre]\nkolom 2 [pre]4[/pre]\nkolom 3 [pre]user users 4096[/pre]\nkolom 4 [pre]Nov 3 21:50[/pre]\nkolom 5 [pre]mydirectory[/pre]\n\n[h5]Kolom 1 [pre]drw-rw-rw-[/pre][/h5]\ndibagi lagi menjadi beberapa bagian\n[pre]d[/pre] mengartikan bahwa direktori, disamping itu masih ada banyak lagi atribut untuk kolom pertama ini, sebagai berikut :\n[pre]-[/pre], file biasa\n[pre]d[/pre], direktori biasa\n[pre]l[/pre], symbolic link\n[pre]b[/pre], block special file\n[pre]c[/pre], character special file\n[pre]s[/pre], socket link\n[pre]p[/pre], FIFO\n\n[pre]rw-[/pre] hak akses yang diberikan untuk user atau pemilik utama, user diberikan hak akses r+w yang artinya read dan write.\n\n[pre]rw-[/pre] hak akses yang diberikan untuk grup tempat user utama, grup diberikan hak akses r+w yang artinya read dan write.\n\n[pre]rw-[/pre] hak akses yang diberikan untuk other atau publik, other diberikan hak akses r+w yang artinya read dan write.\n\n[h5]kolom 2 [pre]4[/pre][/h5]\njumlah link yang berhubungan ke direktori tersebut\n\n[h5]kolom 3 [pre]user users 4096[/pre][/h5]\nuser menunjukan nama user pemilik file/direktori tersebut, users adalah grup tempat pemilik berada, dan angka terakhir adalah jumlah karakter.\n\n[h5]kolom 4 [pre]Nov 3 21:50[/pre][/h5]\nWaktu kapan terakhir kali file/direktori dimodifikasi/diubah\n\n[h5]kolom 5 [pre]mydirectory[/pre][/h5]\nNama dari fle /direktori\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nuntuk melanjutkan eksekusi command [code]y[/code]\n[/span]', 'Hint!\nexecution and check the command [code] y [/code] to continue', 'eksekusi dan check command [code]y[/code] untuk melanjutkan', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-08 08:33:50'),
(37, 4, 16, 'Ownership 2 : Permisions', 'Manage permision on Linux file and directory permissions', '15', 'After studying the attributes of files via the command [code] ls -l [/code] The next goal is to learn a part that is not less important.\n\n[h5] Permissions [/h5]\nEach object (file, link, etc.) on Linux must have the owner, the name of Linux users (accout) which terdaftarn the [pre] /etc /passwd [/pre], the role rwx already described in the previous case.\n\nAs the owner of course has the right to change the permissions that have been there before. Command used is [code] chmod [/code], following way of writing\n\n[code] chmod (ugoa) (= + -) (rwx) (file / dierktori) [/code]\nin which:\nu = user /owner\ng = group /groups\no = other /other\nA = all /all\nOther formats may also use the chmod octal numbers as follows:\nr = 4\nw = 2\nx = 1\n_____ +\n7\n\n[strong] example of the use of [/strong]\n[strong] 1 [/ strong] [code] sudo chmod 755 myfile [/code]\nproviding user access = 7, group = 5, other = 5 for file [pre] myfile [/pre], where the numbers mean.\nuser = 7 => 4 + 2 + 1 => r + w + x\ngroup = 5 => 4 + 1 => r + x\nother = 5 => 4 + 1 => r + x\n\n[strong] 2 [/strong] [code] sudo chmod u = rwx g = rx o = rx myfile [/code]\ngrant\nuser = rwx\ngroup = rx\nother = rx\n\n[strong] 3 [/strong] of sample number 2 will be given additional access rights to the group, namely the ''execute'' the commandnya be like this [code] chmod g + x myfile [/code]\nuser = rwx\ngroup = rwx\nother = rx\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nMake sure that the Active Directory is now the [pre] / home /user [/pre] check with the command [code] pwd [/code]. To further see the permissions of the directory [pre] publicdirectory [/pre] using the command [code] ls -l [/code] in the directory [pre] /home /user [/pre] default permissions for [pre] publicdirectory [/pre ] is 777 or u = rwx, g = rwx, o = rwx.\n\n<strong> Change the permissions using the letters </strong>\nUsing a version of the letter to change permissions chmod directory ''publicdirectory'' becomes: user = rwx, group = r, other = r. So commandnya be like [code] chmod u = rwx, g = r, o = r publicdirectory [/code]. Check the latest permissions with [code] ls -l [/code]', 'Setelah mempelajari atribut file melalui perintah [code]ls -l[/code] tujuan berikutnya adalah mempelajari bagian yang tidak kalah pentingnya.\n\n[h5]Permissions[/h5]\nSetiap objek(file, link,dsb) pada Linux harus mempunyai pemilik, yaitu nama pemakai Linux (account) yang terdaftarn pada [pre]/etc/passwd[/pre], dengan peran rwx yang sudah dijelaskan di case sebelumnya.\n\nSebagai pemilik tentu saja memiliki hak untuk merubah hak akses yang telah ada sebelumnya. Command yang digunakan adalah [code]chmod[/code], berikut cara penulisannya\n\n[code]chmod (ugoa) (= + -) (rwx) (file/dierktori)[/code]\ndimana :\nu = user / pemilik\ng = grup / kelompok\no = other / lainnya\na = all / semua\nformat lain dari chmod bisa juga menggunakan bilangan octal sebagai berikut :\nr = 4\nw = 2\nx = 1\n_____ + \n     7\n\n[strong]contoh penggunaan[/strong]\n[strong]1[/strong][code]sudo chmod 755 myfile[/code]\nmemberikan akses user = 7 , group = 5 , other = 5 untuk file [pre]myfile[/pre], dimana angka-angka tersebut mengartikan.\nuser = 7 => 4+2+1 => r+w+x\ngroup = 5 => 4+1 => r+x\nother = 5 => 4+1 => r+x \n\n[strong]2[/strong][code]sudo chmod u=rwx g=rx o=rx myfile[/code]\nmemberikan hak akses\nuser = rwx\ngroup = rx\nother = rx\n\n[strong]3[/strong]dari contoh nomor 2 akan diberikan hak akses tambahan untuk grup, yaitu ''execute'' maka commandnya menjadi seperti ini [code]chmod g+x myfile[/code]\nuser = rwx\ngroup = rwx\nother = rx\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nPastikan bahwa direktori aktif sekarang adalah [pre]/home/user[/pre] cek dengan command [code]pwd[/code]. Untuk selanjutnya lihat permission dari directory [pre]publicdirectory[/pre] menggunakan command [code]ls -l[/code] di directory [pre]/home/user[/pre] default hak akses untuk [pre]publicdirectory[/pre] adalah 777 atau u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rwx.\n\n<strong>Merubah hak akses menggunakan huruf</strong>\nMenggunakan chmod versi huruf ubah permission directory ''publicdirectory'' menjadi : user = rwx, group = r, other = r. Maka commandnya menjadi seperti [code]chmod u=rwx,g=r,o=r publicdirectory[/code]. Cek permissions terbaru dengan [code]ls -l[/code]\n\n<strong>Merubah hak akses menggunakan angka</strong>\nMenggunakan chmod versi angka ubah permission directory ''publicdirectory'' menjadi : user = rwx, group = r, other = r. Maka commandnya menjadi seperti [code]chmod 774 publicdirectory[/code]. Cek permissions terbaru dengan [code]ls -l[/code]\n[/span]', 'Check the current location with [code] pwd [/code].\nCheck the contents of all active directory with complete data [code] ls -l [/code].\nChanging permissions be rwx for the user, r for group and r for other [code] chmod u = rwx, g = r, o = r publicdirectory [/code].\nChanging permissions be rwx for the user, rwx for group and r for other [code] chmod 774 publicdirectory [/code].', 'Cek lokasi sekarang dengan [code]pwd[/code].\nCek isi active directory sekalian dengan data selengkapnya [code]ls -l[/code].\nMerubah hak akses menjadi rwx untuk user, r untuk group dan r untuk other [code]chmod u=rwx,g=r,o=r publicdirectory[/code].\nMerubah hak akses menjadi rwx untuk user, rwx untuk group dan r untuk other [code]chmod 774 publicdirectory[/code].', 'pwd:ls -l:chmod u=rwx,g=r,o=r publicdirectory :ls -l:chmod 774 publicdirectory:ls -l', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 11:36:42'),
(38, 4, 17, 'Ownership 3 : Umask', 'Pengenalan dan configurasi umask', '15', 'To determine the initial access permissions on a file or directory created using the command [code] umask [/code], with this command allows the owner does not need to make a right of access one by one for each new file is created.\n\n[h5] Umask to File [/h5]\nuser wants to make the default permissions (umask) to the file /plain is 644 (which means u = rw, g = r, o = r).\nSo umasknya value calculation as follows:\n\n666 (umask for files)\n644 (right of access to the desired file)\n--- -\n022 (umask value)\n[/pre]\n\n[h5] Umask to directory [/h5]\nuser wants to make the default permissions (umask) to the file /plain is 644 (which means u = rwx, g = rw, o = rw).\nSo umasknya value calculation as follows:\n\n777 (umask for directory)\n755 (right of access to the desired file)\n--- -\n022 (umask value)\n\n\n[h5] Changing the Value Umask [/h5]\npreviously entered prior to the directory that you want to change the value umasknya.\nfirst check the directory umask value with [code] umask [/code], then use the command to change the [code] umask (umask value) [/code]. example [code] umask 022 [/code]\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\ncheck umask value to the [pre] / home /user /[/pre]. Then change the umask value to the directory with the provisions of u = rwx, g = rx, o = x. To check whether the umask setting successfully create a new directory called ''umaskdir'' [code] mkdir umaskdir [/code], then check access rights with the command [code] ls -l [/code].\n[/span]', 'Umask atau usermask digunakan Untuk menentukan ijin akses awal pada suatu file atau direktori dibuat perintah menggunakan [code]umask[/code], dengan adanya command ini memungkinkan pemilik tidak perlu membuat hak akses satu persatu untuk setiap file yang baru dibuat.\n\n[h5]Umask untuk File[/h5] \nuser ingin membuat default hak akses (umask) untuk file/biasa adalah 644(yang berarti u=rw,g=r,o=r).\nMaka perhitungan nilai umasknya sebagai berikut :\n\n666 (umask untuk file)\n644 (hak akses untuk file yang diinginkan)\n--- -\n022 (nilai umask)\n\n[h5]Umask untuk direktori[/h5]\nuser ingin membuat default hak akses (umask) untuk file/biasa adalah 644(yang berarti u=rwx,g=rw,o=rw).\nMaka perhitungan nilai umasknya sebagai berikut :\n\n777 (umask untuk direktori)\n755 (hak akses untuk file yang diinginkan)\n--- -\n022 (nilai umask)\n\n[h5]Merubah Nilai Umask[/h5]\nsebelumnya masuk terlebih dahulu ke direktori yang ingin dirubah nilai umasknya. \ncek terlebih dahulu nilai umask direktori tersebut dengan command [code]umask[/code], kemudian untuk merubah gunakan command [code]umask (nilai umask)[/code]. contoh [code]umask 022[/code]\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\ncheck nilai umask untuk direktori [pre]/home/user/[/pre]. Kemudian ubah nilai umask untuk direktori dengan ketentuan u=rwx,g=rx,o=x. Untuk cek apakah pengaturan umask berhasil buat direktori baru bernama ''umaskdir'' [code]mkdir umaskdir[/code], kemudian cek hak aksesnya dengan command [code]ls -l[/code].\n[/span]\n', 'Hint!\nresults of umask value is 022.', 'menghitung nilai umask untuk direktori.\nHak akses yang diinginkan adalah : u = rwx = 7, g = rx = 5, o = x = 1.\nMenghitung nilai umask : \n777\n751\n----- -\n026 (nilai umask)\nmaka command untuk mengatur nilai umask menjadi [code]umask 026[/code]\n', 'umask:umask 026:mkdir umaskdir:ls -l', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 11:38:21');
INSERT INTO `course` (`id_course`, `id_level`, `step`, `title`, `description`, `estimate`, `course_case_en`, `course_case_id`, `hint_en`, `hint_id`, `command`, `custom_controller`, `status`, `editdate`) VALUES
(39, 4, 18, 'Ownership 4 : Change Owner', 'Changer owner file or folder to other user or group', '20', 'Linux also entitles the user to change the ownership of a for user /group other. 2 commands the greatest role in the way it is [code] chown [/code] and [code] chgrp [/code]. Users can execute this command is the owner of the file that will be executed.\n\nLinuxourse provide user access rights are logged only in the [pre] /home /user [/pre]. The file or directory belongs to the user can be viewed by using the command [code] ls -l /home /user [/code], marked with the user''s login username.\n\nAs contih following is the structure of one of the directories in the [pre] /home /user [/pre]:\ndrwxrwxrwx: 0 username username 7000 19:29 24Feb2015 publicdirectory /\nUsername first explain pemillik user name directory.\nUsername second explains the name of the directory owner group.\n\n[h5] The use chown to Change User Ownership [/h5]\nIts use is as follows [code] chown <username> <file> [/code].\nexample: [code] Chown user2 myfile [/code]\ngrant permissions to user2 myfile.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nChange the active directory to the [pre] / home /user /[/pre] in which there is a file [pre] publicfile [/pre], check the owner of the file with the command [code] ls -l [/code] To then change ownership [pre] publicfile [/pre] to ''bob'' with the command [code] chown bob publicfile [/code], check with the command [code] ls -l [/code] if the owner has changed.\n[/span]\n\n[h5] The use chgrp to Change Group Ownership [/h5]\nIts use is as follows [code] chgrp <namagrup> <file> [/code].\nexample: [code] chgrp grup2 myfile [/code]\ngrant permissions to grup2 myfile.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nChange the active directory to the [pre] /home /user /[/pre] in which there is a directory [pre] publicdirectory [/pre], check the owner of the directory with the command [code] ls -l [/code] To then change ownership [pre] publicdirectory [/pre] to group ''class2'' with the command [code] chgrp class2 publicdirectory [/code], check with the command [code] ls -l [/code] if the owner has changed.\n[/span]', 'Linux juga memberikan hak pengguna untuk merubah kepemilikan suatu untuk user/grup lainnya. 2 perintah yang paling berperan dalah hal ini adalah [code]chown[/code] dan [code]chgrp[/code]. User yang bisa mengeksekusi command ini adalah user pemilik file yang akan di eksekusi.\n\nLinuxourse memberikan hak akses user yang login hanya didalam direktori [pre]/home/user[/pre]. File atau direktori yang menjadi milik user bisa dilihat dengan menggunakan command [code]ls -l /home/user[/code], ditandai dengan username user yang login.\n\nSebagai contih berikut adalah struktur dari salah satu direktori didalam [pre]/home/user[/pre] :\n[pre]drwxrwxrwx:0 username  username 7000 24Feb2015 19:29 publicdirectory/[/pre]\nUsername pertama menjelaskan nama user pemillik direktori tersebut.\nUsername kedua menjelaskan nama group pemilik direktori tersebut.\n\n[h5]Penggunaan chown Untuk Merubah User Kepemilikan[/h5]\nPenggunaannya adalah sebagai berikut [code]chown <namauser> <file>[/code].\ncontoh : [code]chown user2 myfile[/code]\nmemberikan hak akses myfile kepada user2.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nUbah active directory ke  [pre]/home/user/[/pre] didalamnya ada file [pre]publicfile[/pre], cek pemilik dari file tersebut dengan command [code]ls -l[/code].Untuk kemudian ubah kepemilikan [pre]publicfile[/pre] kepada ''bob'' dengan command [code]chown bob publicfile[/code], cek dengan command [code]ls -l[/code] apakah pemilik sudah berubah.\n[/span]\n\n[h5]Penggunaan chgrp Untuk Mengubah Grup Kepemilikan[/h5]\nPenggunaannya adalah sebagai berikut [code]chgrp <namagrup> <file>[/code].\ncontoh : [code]chgrp grup2 myfile[/code]\nmemberikan hak akses myfile kepada grup2.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nUbah active directory ke  [pre]/home/user/[/pre] didalamnya ada directory [pre]publicdirectory[/pre], cek pemilik dari directory tersebut dengan command [code]ls -l[/code].Untuk kemudian ubah kepemilikan [pre]publicdirectory[/pre] kepada  grup ''class2'' dengan command [code]chgrp class2 publicdirectory[/code], cek dengan command [code]ls -l[/code] apakah pemilik sudah berubah.\n[/span]', 'Hint!\n[code] chown [/code] is used to change the ownership of a file /directory to userlain.\n[code] chgrp [/code] is used to change the ownership of a file /directory to gruplain.', '[code]chown[/code] digunakan untuk merubah kepemilikan suatu file/directory ke userlain.\n[code]chgrp[/code] digunakan untuk merubah kepemilikan suatu file/directory ke gruplain.', 'ls -l:chown bob publicfile:chgrp class2 publicdirectory', '', 'posted', '2015-04-08 08:37:13'),
(40, 4, 19, 'Link', 'link functional on Linux Shell', '10', '[h5] symbolic links [/h5]\nAt level 2 step 12 dimateri ''Linux Shell and Command'', was described several kinds of files, one of which is the ''link'' / ''symbolic links''. [strong] link [/strong] is a technique to provide more than one file name with the same data. If the original file is deleted, then the new data is also deleted. The concept is similar to the shortcuts in Windows, the difference in Linux lebh many configuration options for the link.\n\n[h5] Hard Link [/h5]\nThe concept of hardlink is when the user deletion on the link, the original object will not be lost. Hard Link hany act as shortcuts only.\nTo manufacture [code] ln <filename> <linname> [/code].\nexample: [code] ln myfile link_myfile [/code]\n\n[h5] Soft Link [/h5]\nThe concept of soft link is when users perform a deletion on the link then the original object will also be deleted, so it needs special handling for this Softlink that not everyone can access it. [code] ln -s <filename> <linkname> [/code].\nExample: [code] sd ln myfile link_myfile [/code]\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] instructions [/h5]\nShow the contents of the active directory, it will get the file ''publicfile'', create a hardlink to ''publicfile'' in the same directory and then give the name ''hardlink''.\nCreate Softlink for ''publicfile'' then give the name ''Softlink''.\nIf hardlink deleted the file ''publicfile'' will also be deleted. If Softlink deleted the file ''publicfile'' will also be deleted. That difference of Softlink and hardlink.\n[/span]', 'Pada level 2 step 12 dimateri ''Linux Shell and Command'', sempat dijelaskan beberapa macam file, salah satunya adalah ''link''/''simbolic link''. [strong]Link[/strong] adalah sebuah teknik untuk memberikan lebih dari satu nama file dengan data yang sama. Bila file asli dihapus, maka data yang baru juga terhapus. Konsep mirip dengan shortcuts di Windows, perbedaannya di Linux lebh banyak option untuk konfigurasi link.\n\n[h5]Hard Link[/h5]\nKonsep dari hardlink adalah ketika user melakukan penghapusan pada link yang ada, maka objek asli tidak akan hilang. Hard Link hany berperan sebagai shortcuts saja.\nUntuk pembuatannya [code]ln <filename> <linname>[/code].\ncontoh : [code]ln myfile link_myfile[/code]\n\n[h5]Soft Link[/h5]\nKonsep dari soft link adalah ketika user melakukan penghapusan pada link maka objek aslinya juga akan terhapus, sehingga perlu penangan khusus untuk softlink ini agar tidak semua orang bisa mengaksesnya. [code]ln -s <filename> <linkname>[/code].\nContoh : [code]ln -sd myfile link_myfile[/code]\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]instructions[/h5]\nTampilkan isi dari active direktori, maka akan didapat file ''publicfile'', buatlah hardlink untuk ''publicfile'' pada direktori yang sama kemudian beri nama ''hardlink''.\nBuat softlink untuk ''publicfile'' kemudian beri nama ''softlink''.\nJika hardlink dihapus maka file ''publicfile'' tidak akan ikut terhapus. Jika softlink dihapus maka file ''publicfile'' akan ikut terhapus. Begitulah perbedaan dari softlink dan hardlink.\n[/span]', 'Hint!\nCreate a hardlink to publicfile with the command [code] ln publicfile hardlink [/code].\nCreate a hardlink to publicfile with the command [code] sd publicfile Softlink ln [/code].', 'Buat hardlink untuk publicfile dengan command [code]ln publicfile hardlink[/code].\nBuat hardlink untuk publicfile dengan command [code]ln -sd publicfile softlink[/code].', 'ln publicfile hardlink:ln -sd publicfile softlink', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 11:47:33'),
(41, 4, 20, 'Editing Files', 'How to edit a file on Linux Shell', '20', '[h5] Edit File Via Redirection [/h5]\nAt level 1 step 9 has been learned about the redirection on standard input and output. Shell on linuxourse using these methods to edit the contents of a file. Maximum number of characters allowed is 40 characters including spaces.\n\n[Span class = "instructions"] [h5] instructions [/h5]\nChange the active directory to the [pre] /home /user [/pre]. Show the contents of the file [pre] publicfile [/pre] using the command [code] cat [/code]. Using the deflection output the results of [code] echo [/code] to change the contents of [pre] publicfile [/pre] to ''update content'', without the quotes.\n[/span]', '[h5]Edit File Via Redirection[/h5]\nPada level 1 step 9 telah dipelajari tentang redirection pada standart input dan output. Shell pada linuxourse menggunakan metode tersebut untuk edit sebuah isi dari file. Jumlah karakter maksimal yang diperbolehkan adalah 40 karakter termasuk spasi.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]instructions[/h5]\nUbah active directory ke [pre]/home/user[/pre]. Tampilkan isi dari file [pre]publicfile[/pre] menggunakan command [code]cat[/code]. Menggunakan pembelokan output ubah isi [pre]publicfile[/pre] menjadi ''update content'' , tanpa tanda petik. Kemudian [code]cat publicfile[/code] sekali lagi untuk memastikan bahwa file telah berubah.\n[/span] ', 'Show the contents of the file with the command publicfile [code] publicfile paint [/code].\nChange the contents using the deflection output of echo with the command [code] echo "update content ''> publicfile [/code]', 'Tampilkan isi dari file publicfile dengan command [code]cat publicfile[/code].\nUbah isi menggunakan pembelokan output dari echo dengan command [code]echo ''update content'' > publicfile[/code]', 'cat /home/user/publicfile:echo ''update content'' > publicfile', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 11:56:49'),
(42, 4, 21, 'File and Directory Management Final Test', 'File and Directory Managemen Final Test', '30', '[h5] Final Test [/h5]\nDitahap this is the last test for the level of ''File and Directory Management'', a mix of cases and problems that have been solved before.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] instructions [/h5]\nMake sure the location you''ve been in [pre] /home /user [/pre], and then check whether the available files in it [pre] publicfile [/pre]. If all conditions are memungkingkan doing some cases below:\n[strong] 1 [/strong] umask to create directory [pre] /home /user [/pre] with the following conditions\n::: file for user = rw, group = rx, and others = x\n[strong] 2 [/strong] Create a new file with the name ''file''.\n[strong] 3 [/strong] Using standard deflection output, change the contents of the file into a ''bob'' data ''.\n[strong] 4 [/strong] Use [code] chmod [/code] version number, change the permissions to be rwx group, are the permissions for the user and others are still the same as before.\n[strong] 5 [/strong] Give the file ownership rights to ''bob''.\nCheck your work\n[/span]', '[h5]Final Test[/h5]\nDitahap ini adalah tes terakhir untuk level ''File and Directory Management'', merupakan gabungan dari kasus-kasus dan soal-soal yang telah dipecahkan sebelumnya.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]instructions[/h5]\nPastikan lokasi anda sudah berada di [pre]/home/user[/pre], untuk kemudian cek didalamnya apakah tersedia file [pre]publicfile[/pre]. Jika semua kondisi sudah memungkingkan kerjakan beberapa kasus dibawah ini :\n[strong]1[/strong] buat umask untuk direktori [pre]/home/user[/pre] dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut \nuntuk file ::: user = rw, group = rx, dan others = x\n[strong]2[/strong] Buat file baru dengan nama ''file''.\n[strong]3[/strong] Menggunakan pembelokan standar output, ubah isi file menjadi ''bob data''.\n[strong]4[/strong] Menggunakan [code]chmod[/code] versi angka, ubah hak akses ''file'' untuk group menjadi rwx, sedang hak akses untuk user dan others masih sama seperti sebelumnya.\n[strong]5[/strong] Berikan hak kepemilikan file tersebut untuk ''bob''.\nCek hasil pekerjaan anda\n[/span]', '[code] umask 015 [/code]\nMake the default permissions for the file to be:\n666\n015\n--- -\n651\nuser => 6 = r + w\ngroup => 5 = r + x\nothers => 1 = x\n\n[code] touch the file [/code] create a new blank file.\n\n[code] echo ''bob'' data> file [/code] merubaha contents of the file ''file'' through standard deflection output.\n\n[code] chmod 671 file [/ code] change the permissions ''file'' to be:\nuser => 6 = r + w\ngroup => 7 = r + w + x\nothers => 1 = x\n\n[code] chown bob file [/code] to change the ownership of the file to ''bob''.', '[code]umask 015[/code]\nMembuat default permissions untuk file menjadi :\n666\n015\n--- -\n651\nuser => 6 = r+w\ngroup => 5 = r+x\nothers => 1 = x\n\n[code]touch file[/code] membuat file kosong baru.\n\n[code]echo ''bob data'' > file[/code] merubaha isi file ''file'' melalui pembelokan standar ouput.\n\n[code]chmod 671 file[/code] merubah permission ''file'' menjadi :\nuser => 6 = r+w\ngroup => 7 = r+w+x\nothers => 1 = x\n\n[code]chown bob file[/code] merubah kepemilikan file kepada ''bob''.', 'umask 015:touch file:echo ''bob data'' > file:chmod 671 file:chown bob file', '', 'posted', '2015-04-04 11:51:51'),
(43, 5, 23, 'Signal', 'Signal on linux process management', '5', 'The process can send and meneria signals from and to other processes. The process sends a signal via the command [code] kill [/code], the following syntax has [code] kill - <signal number> <PID> [/code]\n\n[h5] Signal Number [/h5]\nSignal number is 1 s/d maximum number defined signal system. Standard signal the most important number is:\nhardlink\n\n[strong] SignalNumber\nName\nDescription [/strong]\n\n\n1\nSIGHUB\nHangup signal is sent when the process is interrupted, for example via the Internet with a modem disconnection\n\n\n2\nSIGINT\ninterrupt signal, through ^ C\n\n\n3\nSIGQUIT\nQuit signal, through ^ \\\n\n\n9\nSIGKILL\nKill signal, stop the process\n\n\n15\nSIGTERM\nSoftware termination signal\n\n\n\n[h5] Sending Signals [/h5]\nSending a signal is an inter-process communication tool, which tells the processes that are running that there''s something to be controlled. Before sending the signal, PID process that will be sent must be known in advance, the following commandnya: [code] kill - <signal number> PID [/code].\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nto continue with the next step execution command [code] y [/code]\n[/span]', 'Proses dapat mengirim dan meneria sinyal dari dan ke proses lainnya. Proses mengirim sinyal melalui command [code]kill[/code], berikut tata cara penulisannya [code]kill -<signal number> <PID>[/code]\n\n[h5]Signal Number[/h5]\nSignal number adalah 1 s/d maksimum signal number yang didefinisikan sistem. Standar signal number yang terpenting adalah :\nhardlink\n\n[strong]SignalNumber\nNama\nDeskripsi[/strong]\n\n1\nSIGHUB\nHangup, sinyal dikirim bila proses terputus, misal melalui putusnya koneksi internet dengan modem\n\n2\nSIGINT\nsinyal interrupt, melalui ^C\n\n3\nSIGQUIT\nSinyal Quit, melalui ^\\\n\n9\nSIGKILL\nsinyal Kill, menghentikan proses\n\n15\nSIGTERM\nSinyal terminasi software\n\n[h5]Mengirim Sinyal[/h5]\nMengirim sinyal adalah satu alat komunikasi antar proses, yaitu memberitahu proses yang sedang berjalan bahawa ada sesuatu yang harus dikendalikan. Sebelum mengirim sinyal, PID proses yang akan dikirim harus diketahui terlebih dahulu, berikut commandnya : [code]kill -<nomor sinyal> PID[/code].\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nuntuk melanjutkan step berikutnya eksekusi command [code]y[/code]\n[/span]', 'Hint!\nto proceed to the next step execution command [code] y [/code], and click the ''check''', 'eksekusi command [code]y[/code] untuk melanjutkan ke step berikutnya', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 12:06:48'),
(44, 5, 24, 'Controll Process On Shell :: 1', 'How to controll process on shell part one', '20', 'Shell provides job control facilities that allow be some job or process that is running at the same time, for example when editing a text file and want to interrupt the editing for mengerjakn other things.\n\nIn the previous explanation that Job work described in the foreground or background. In foregrond only intended for one job at a time. Job in the foreground will control the shell - menrima input from the keyboard and send the output to the screen. Job at ackground not accept input and terminal, usually run without requiring interaction.\n\nJob in the foreground allows paused (suspended), by pressing the [code] Ctrl + Z [/code], a job that is stopped while very different from issuing an interrupt job /[code] ctrl + X [/code], where jobs will diinterupt permanently disabled and can not run again.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] instructions [/h5]\nLearn about all the jobs that are running in the current shell with the command [code] ps -aux [/code]. It will produce a display like this\n: USER PID% CPU% MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND \n user 3355 31.6 8.4 2033056 287048? Ssl 10:27 53:27 compiz \nfrom the example above result can be obtained.\nexecuting user: user\nPID: 3355\nCPU Usage: 31.6%\nMemory Usage: 8.4%\nprograms running: compiz\nstop the compiz program with the command [code] kill <PID> [/code].\n[/span]', '[h5]Shell Process[/h5]\nShell menyediakan fasilitas job control yang memungkinkan beberap job atau proses yang sedang berjalan pada waktu yang sama, misalnya bila melakukan pengeditan file teks dan ingin melakukan interrupt pengeditan untuk mengerjakn hal lainnya.\n\nPada penjelasan sebelumnya dijelaskan bahwa Job bekerja pada foreground atau background. Pada foregrond hanya diperuntukan untuk satu job satu waktu. Job pada foreground akan mengontrol shell - menrima input dari keyboard dan mengirim output ke layar. Job pada ackground tidak menerima input dan terminal, biasanya berjalan tanpa memerlukan interaksi.\n\nJob pada foreground memungkinkan dihentikan sementara (suspend), dengan menekan [code]Ctrl+Z[/code], job yang dihentikan sementara sangat berbeda dengan mengeluarkan interrupt job / [code]ctrl+X[/code], dimana job yang diinterupt akan dimatikan secara permanen dan tidak dapat dijalankan lagi.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]instructions[/h5]\nKetahui semua job yang sedang berjalan di shell saat ini dengan command [code]ps -aux[/code]. Maka akan menghasilkan tampilan seperti ini\n[/span]\n[pre]:USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND[/pre]\n[pre]user 3355 31.6  8.4 2033056 287048 ? Ssl 10:27 53:27 compiz[/pre]\n\ndari contoh result diatas bisa didapat.\nuser yang mengeksekusi : user\nPID : 3355\nPenggunaan CPU : 31.6%\nPenggunaan memory : 8.4%\nprogram yang berjalan : compiz\nhentikan program compiz tersebut dengan command [code]kill <pidnya>[/code].\n', 'Hint !\nrun the command in accordance with the instructions in the instruction, you definitely true', 'untuk mengetahui semua proses yang sedang berjalan di shell gunakan command [code]ps -aux[/code]', 'ps -aux: kill 3355', '', 'posted', '2015-04-08 08:42:59'),
(45, 5, 25, 'Controll Process On Shell :: 2', 'How to controll process on shell part 2, job controll', '20', 'Shell provides job control facilities that allow to control multiple jobs or processes that are running at the same time. Job in the foreground likelihood paused (suspended), by pressing the [code] Ctrl-Z [/code]. Job suspended can run back to the foreground or the background as required by pressing the [code] fg [/code] or [code] bg [/code]. For the record, stop the job while very different from melakuakan interrupt job using [code] ctrl + c [/code], where the jobs that will diinterrup permanently disabled and can not run again.\n\nCommand [code] ps [/code] can be used to show all the processes currently running on the machine (not just the current shell process) with the format: [code] ps -fae [/code] or [code] ps -aux [ /code]\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] instructions [/h5]\nFind out more about the command [code] ps [/code] and the options that apply to use [code] man ps [/code].\n\nuse the [code] ps [/code] to determine the status of the existing processes were in the shell how (linux shell capable of running 7 simultaneously).\n\nUse the command [code] ps -u [/code] to determine the resource usage of a user who is active now. PID is the process id, CPU% is the percentage of CPU / processor used,% MEM is the presentation of the amount of memory being used, SIZE is the amount of memory used, RSS (Real System Storage) is the amount of memory used, START is when the process is activated\n\nto be more specific in the use of resources made by the user can then use the following command [code] ps -u student [/code], the student is the user name that is available in linux shell.\n\nCommand [code] ps -au [/code] is used to search for other processes a = all, u = user.\n[/span]', '[h5]Job Control[/h5]\nShell menyediakan fasilitas job control yang memungkinkan mengontrol beberapa job atau proses yang sedang berjalan pada waktu yang sama. Job pada foreground kemungkinan dihentikan sementara (suspend), dengan menekan [code]Ctrl-Z[/code]. Job yang dihentikan sementara dapat dijalankan kembali pada foreground atau background sesuai keperluan dengan menekan [code]fg[/code] atau [code]bg[/code]. Sebagai catatan, menghentikan job sementara sangat berbeda dengan melakuakan interrupt job menggunakan [code]ctrl+c[/code], dimana job yang diinterrup akan dimatikan secara permanen dan tidak dapat dijalankan lagi.\n\nCommand [code]ps[/code] dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan semua proses yang sedang berjalan pada mesin (bukan hanya proses pada shell saat ini) dengan format : [code]ps -fae[/code] atau [code]ps -aux[/code] \n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]instructions[/h5]\nKetahui lebih dalam tentang command [code]ps[code] dan options yang berlaku menggunakan [code]man ps[/code].\n\ngunakan perintah [code]ps[/code] untuk mengetahui status proses yang ada sedang berada di shell berapa (linux mampu menjalankan 7 shell secara bersamaan).\n\nGunakan command [code]ps -u[/code] untuk mengetahui penggunaan resource dari user yang sedang aktif sekarang. PID adalah process id, %CPU adalah presentase CPU/Prosesor yang digunakan, %MEM adalah presentasi jumlah memori yang sedang digunakan, SIZE adalah jumlah memori yang digunakan, RSS (Real System Storage) adalah jumlah memori yang digunakan, START adalah kapan proses tersebut diaktifkan\n\nuntuk lebih spesifik dalam penggunaan resource yang dilakukan oleh user maka bisa menggunakan command berikut [code]ps -u student [/code], student adalah nama user yang tersedia di linux shell.\n\nCommand [code]ps -au[/code]digunakan untuk mencari proses lainnya a = all , u = user.\n[/span]', 'Hint !\nRoad some basic command that is associated with the process, as follows:\n[code] ps [/code] to know all the processes that are running in the shell.\n[code] ps -u [/code] to determine the resource used by users who are active in Linux Shell.\n[code] ps -au [/code] to know all the processes and users who are active in the Linux shell.', 'Jalan beberapa command dasar yang berhubunga dengan proses, sebagai berikut :\n[code]man ps[/code] membaca manual dari command [code]ps[/code]\n[code]ps[/code] untuk mengetahui semua proses yang sedang berjalan di shell.\n[code]ps -u[/code] untuk mengetahui resource yang digunakan oleh user yang sedang aktif didalam Linux Shell.\n[code]ps -au[/code] untuk mengetahui semua proses dan user yang sedang aktif didalam Linux shell.\n', 'man ps:ps:ps -u:ps -au', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 12:10:17'),
(46, 5, 26, 'Process Management Final Test', 'Proces management final test', '30', '[h5] Final Test [/h5]\nBefore proceeding to the next level, here are the last test that must be completed to to the next level.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] instructions [/h5]\n[strong] 1 [/strong] View all processes and user who is running in the shell.\n[strong] 2 [/strong] testing the use of shortcuts to suspend and interrupt the process.\n[strong] 3 [/strong] From the list of processes that have been shown above, using the command [code] kill - [/code], stop one of the PID.\n[strong] 4 [/strong] Show processes run by the user ''bob''.\n[/span]', '[h5]Final Test[/h5]\nSebelum melanjutkan ke level selanjutnya, berikut adalah test terakhir yang harus diselesaikan untuk ke level selanjutnya.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]instructions[/h5]\n[strong]1[/strong] Tampilkan proses-proses yang dijalankan oleh user ''bob''.\n[strong]2[/strong] Tampilkan semua proses dan user yang sedang berjalan di shell.\n[strong]3[/strong] uji coba penggunaan shortcuts untuk suspen dan interupt proses.\n[strong]4[/strong] Dari daftar proses yang sudah ditampilkan di atas, menggunakan command [code]kill --[/code], hentikan salah satu pidnya.\n[/span]\n\nPastikan menjalankan command sesuai dengan urutan case.', 'Hint !\n[strong] 1 [/strong] displays all user processes running in the shell [code] ps -aux [/code].\n[strong] 2 [/strong] suspend the process of using the shortcut [code] ^ + z [/code] and to interrupt pproses use the shortcut [code] ^ + x [/code]\n[strong] 3 [/strong] after learning one of the PID process, use comman [code] kill (pid) [/code] to stop the process.\n[strong] 4 [/strong] Displays the process undertaken by the user ''bob'' using the command [code] ps -u bob [/code]', '[strong]1[/strong] Menampilkan proses yang dilakukan oleh user ''bob'' menggunakan command [code]ps -u bob[/code]\n[strong]2[/strong] menampilkan semua proses yang user yang sedang berjalan di shell [code]ps -aux[/code].\n[strong]3[/strong] suspend proses menggunakan shortcut [code]^+z[/code] dan untuk interrupt pproses menggunakan shortcut [code]^+x[/code]\n[strong]4[/strong] setelah mengetahui salah satu PID proses, gunakan command [code]kill (pid)[/code] untuk menghentikan prosesnya.\n', 'ps -aux:ps -u bob', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 12:12:18'),
(47, 7, 29, 'User dan Group', 'Pencatatan User dan Group', '15', '[h5] Registration User and Group [/h5]\n\nHere is the utility of money is used to memodifikas [pre] /etc /passwd [/pre] [pre] /etc /shadow [/pre] and [pre] /etc /group [/pre].\n\nPreviously been known for some utilities that are used to modify the [pre] /etc /passwd [/pre] [pre] /etc /shadow [/pre] and [pre] /etc /group [ pre]\n\n[h4] [strong] useradd [/strong] [/h4]\nUseradd Command located at [pre] /usr /sbin /useradd [/pre], the function of this utility is to add users to the system. The syntax is:\n[pre]\nuseradd [-u uid [-o]] [-g group] [-G group ,?]\n[-d home] [-s shell] [-c comment] [-m [-k templates]]\n[-f inactive] [-e expire] [-p passwd] [-n] [-r] name\n[/ pre]\n\nor\n\n[pre]\nuseradd -D [-g group] [-b base] [-s shell]\n[-f Inactive] [-e expire]\n[/pre]\n\ndescription:\n[pre] -u [/pre]: UID number (UserID)\n[pre] -g [/pre]: GID numbers (GroupID)\n[pre] -G [/pre]: additional group\n[pre] -d [/pre]: home directory for the user\n[pre] -s [/pre]: the default shell (usually / bin / bash)\n[pre] -c [/pre]: info and description login name\n[pre] -m [/pre]: home directory will be created if there is no\n[pre] k [/pre]: together -m gives the contents of the home directory\n[pre] f [/pre]: the number of days before the account is expired (through password expiration)\n[pre] -e [/pre]: login name expiration date or expired (expired)\n[pre] -p [ pre]: password has been encrypted\n[pre] -D [/pre]: set the default configuration\n[pre] name [/pre]: login name\n\n[h4] [strong] userdel [/ strong] [/h4]\nThis command is located in the [pre] /user /sbin /userdel [/pre], the function of this utility to remove the user from the system with the syntax: [code] userdel [-r] name [/code].\n\nSpecification:\n[pre] -r [/pre]: if this parameter is included then the user''s home directory will also be deleted.\n\n[h4] [strong] passwd [/ strong] [/h4]\n[pre] /user /bin /passwd [/pre], this utility function for the user''s password changer. Sintaksnua: [code] passwd <name> [/code].\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nCreate a new user named ''alex'' for Linux is currently using the command [code] useradd alex [/code] (note the small large text, because Linux is case sensitive). Check whether the new user is already registered in the system with the command [code] checkuser [/code].\n\nCreate a new group called matchclass using the command [code] groupadd math [/code].\nChange the default group ''linuxourse'' for user ''alex'' to group ''math'' using the command [code] usermod -g math alex [/code]\nNext remove the group had been using [code] -r groupdel math [/code]\nChecked, then the user ''alex'' also lost [code] checkuser [/code].\n[/span]\n\n[strong] * NB: [/strong]\nRecording user and group is one of the things that are sensitive in Linux systems. For that use virtualization management linuxourse user / group without entering the data into the [pre] /etc /passwd [/pre] or [pre] /etc /group [/pre]', '[h5]Pencatatan User dan Group[/h5]\n\nBerikut ini adalah utilitas uang digunakan untuk memodifikas [pre]/etc/passwd[/pre],[pre]/etc/shadow[/pre] dan [pre]/etc/group[/pre].\n\nSebelumnya telah diketahui beberapa utilitas yang digunakan untuk memodifikasi [pre]/etc/passwd[/pre],[pre]/etc/shadow[/pre] dan [pre]/etc/group[/pre]\n\n[h4][strong]useradd[/strong][/h4]\nCommand useradd berada pada [pre]/usr/sbin/useradd[/pre], fungsi utilitas ini adalah untuk menambahkan user ke sistem. Sintaksnya : \n[pre]\nuseradd [-u uid [-o]] [-g group] [-G group,?]\n[-d home] [-s shell] [-c comment] [-m [-k template]]\n[-f inactive] [-e expire] [-p passwd] [-n] [-r] name\n[/pre]\n\natau \n\n[pre]\nuseradd -D [-g group] [-b base] [-s shell]\n[-f inactive] [-e expire]\n[/pre]\n\nketerangan :\n[pre]-u[/pre] : nomor UID (UserID)\n[pre]-g[/pre] : nomor GID (GroupID)\n[pre]-G[/pre] : group tambahan\n[pre]-d[/pre] : direktori home untuk user\n[pre]-s[/pre] : default shell (biasanya /bin/bash)\n[pre]-c[/pre] : info dan deskripsi nama login\n[pre]-m[/pre] : direktori home akan diciptakan bila belum ada\n[pre]-k[/pre] : bersama -m memberi isi direktori home\n[pre]-f[/pre] : jumlah hari sebelum account tersebut kedaluarsa (password lewat masa berlakunya)\n[pre]-e[/pre] : tanggal nama login beakhir atau kedaluarsa (expired)\n[pre]-p[/pre] : password yang telah di enkripsi\n[pre]-D[/pre] : menetapkan konfigurasi default\n[pre]name[/pre] : nama login\n\n[h4][strong]userdel[/strong][/h4]\nperintah ini berada di [pre]/user/sbin/userdel[/pre], fungsi dari utilitas ini untuk menghapus user dari sistem dengan sintaks : [code]userdel [-r] name[/code].\n\nKeterangan :\n[pre]-r[/pre] : bila disertakan parameter ini maka direktori home user juga akan ikut terhapus.\n\n[h4][strong]passwd[/strong][/h4]\n[pre]/user/bin/passwd[/pre], utilitas ini berfungsi untuk perubah password user. Sintaksnua : [code]passwd <name>[/code].\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nBuat sebuah user baru bernama ''alex'' untuk Linux saat ini menggunakan command [code]useradd alex[/code] (perhatikan besar kecil teks, karena Linux case sensitive). Check apakah user baru sudah terdaftar di sistem dengan command [code]checkuser[/code].\n\nBuat sebuah group baru bernama matchclass menggunakan command [code]groupadd math[/code].\nUbah default group ''linuxourse'' untuk user ''alex'' menjadi group ''math'' menggunakan command [code]usermod -g math alex[/code]\nBerikutnya hapus group tadi menggunakan [code]groupdel -r math[/code]\nCheck, maka user ''alex'' juga hilang [code]checkuser[/code].\n[/span]\n\n[strong]*NB:[/strong]\nPencatatan user dan group merupakan salah satu hal yang sensitif di sistem linux. Untuk itu linuxourse menggunakan virtualisasi manajemen user/group tanpa memasukan datanya ke dalam [pre]/etc/passwd[/pre] atau [pre]/etc/group[/pre]', 'Hint !\nexecute all commands that are in the box instructions to proceed to the next step.', 'jalankan semua command yang ada didalam box instructions untuk melanjutkan ke step berikutnya.\n', 'useradd alex:groupadd math:usermod -m math alex:groupdel -r math\n', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 08:03:55'),
(48, 7, 30, 'Home Directory', 'Knowing Home directory on Linux', '6', '[h5] Home diretory [/h5]\n\nWhen a user accesses a Linux system through the login process, then the user must enter the starting directory called home, the location of the home directory is usually below the [pre] home [/pre].\n\nThe system has given the [pre] /etc /skel [/pre] as the default template for the home directory. And your home directory is [pre] /home /user [/pre].\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\ndo [code] ls -la /home /user [/code] to know the contents of the default home directory for you\n[/span]\n\nNote that there are three files above are the files that will be executed when a user login or logout shell to bash as the default shell Linux.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nCommand uses paint please show the contents of the following files from the directory [pre] /home /user [/pre]:\n[pre] .bash_logout [/pre], the contents of this file will be executed when user logout.\n[pre] .bash_profile [/pre], contains variabbel-lobal variables that will be exported to the system environment.\n[pre] .bashrc [/pre], isis this file will be executed when the user enters or login to the bash shell.\n[/span]', '[h5]Home Diretory[/h5]\n\nBila sebuah user mengakses sebuah sistem Linux melalui proses login, maka user tersebut pastilah memasukan direktori awal yang disebut dengan home, letak direktori home ini biasanya dibawah [pre]home[/pre].\n\nSistem telah memberi direktori [pre]/etc/skel[/pre] sebagai default template bagi direktori home. Dan directory home anda adalah [pre]/home/user[/pre].\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nlakukan [code]ls -la /home/user[/code] untuk mengetahui default isi dari directory home untuk anda\n[/span]\n\nPerhatikan bahwa ada 3 file diatas merupakan file-file yang akan dijalankan apabila user login atau logout ke shell bash sebagai default shell Linux.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nMenggunaan command cat silahkan tampilkan isi file-file berikut dari directory [pre]/home/user[/pre] :\n[pre].bash_logout[/pre], isi file ini akan dijalankan apabila user logout.\n[pre].bash_profile[/pre], berisi variabbel-variabel lobal yang akan dieksport ke environment sistem.\n[pre].bashrc[/pre], isis file ini akan dijalankan bila user memasuki atau login ke shell bash.\n[/span]', 'Hint !\nroad all the instructions that are in the box ''instructions'' to continue', 'jalan semua instruksi yang ada didalam kotak ''instructions'' untuk melanjutkan', 'cat /home/user/.bashrc:ls -la /home/user:cat /home/user/.bash_logout:cat /home/user/.bash_profile', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 08:05:33'),
(49, 8, 32, 'Linux FIle System 2', 'Linux File System Part 2', '20', 'As explained at the level of [a href = ""] 1: Shell [/a]. Here are some of the applications that are commonly used in the management of storage.\n\n[strong] fsck [/strong]\n[pre] fsck [/pre], is used to check and improve secaraoptional one more Linux file systems. [pre] fsck [/pre] is trying to run a file system on a different physical disk drives in parallel, to reduce the amount of time required to examine all existing file systems. Commands used:\n[code] fsck <nama_dev> [/code]\nexemplarily:\n[code] fsck / dev / hda1 [/code]\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nto be clear about the [pre] fsck [/pre] you can melilhat manuals in [code] man fsck [/code].\n[/span]\n\n[strong] e2fsck [/strong]\n[pre] e2fsck [/pre], this application is similar to fsck, but more specifically for the type of file system extended two. Commands used:\n[code] e2fsk <nama_device> [/code]\nExample:\n[code] e2fsk / dev / hda2 [/code]\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nto be clear about the [pre] e2fsck [/pre] you can see the man in the [code] e2fsck man [/code].\n[/span]\n\n[strong] hdparm [/strong]\nhdparm is commonly used applications to improve the performance of the hard drive in order to work optimally. Hdparm supports IDE hard drive? ST 506. This application requires a Linux kernel version 1.2.13 and above. Some options can not be work on kernels early. In addition several options are supported only for kernels that include the new IDE device driver. , Such as the version\n2.0.10 upwards.\n\nThe command can be used:\n[code] hdparm [options] <nama_device> [/code]\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nDescription for option-optionnya you can read from the manual hdparm. [Code] man hdparm [/code].\n[/span]\n\nBelow are some examples of commonly used:\nView the status of 32 Bit I / O:\n[code] hdparm -c /dev /hda [/code]\nTo determine the speed of your disk access\n[code] hdparm -t /dev /had [/ code]\nTo set up your hard drive that is 16 bits to 32 bits and supports DMA\n[code] -d1 -c1 hdparm /dev /had [/code]\nTo keep the settings above persists, use the command:\n[code] -k1 hdparm /dev /hda [/code]', 'Seperti yang sudah dijelaskan pada level [a href=""]1:Shell[/a]. Berikut adalah beberapa aplikasi-aplikasi yang umum digunakan dalam manajemen storage.\n\n[strong]fsck[/strong]\n[pre]fsck[/pre], digunakan untuk memeriksa dan memperbaiki secaraoptional satu lebih Linux file sistem. [pre]fsck[/pre] ini mencoba untuk menjalankan file sistem pada disk drive fisik yang berbeda secara paralel, untuk mengurangi jumlah yang waktu yang diperlukan dalam memeriksa semua file sistem yang ada. Perintah yang digunakan :\n[code]fsck <nama_dev>[/code]\ncotoh :\n[code]fsck /dev/hda1[/code]\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nuntuk lebih jelas tentang [pre]fsck[/pre] anda dapat melilhat manualnya di [code]man fsck[/code].\n[/span]\n\n[strong]e2fsck[/strong]\n\n[pre]e2fsck[/pre],  aplikasi ini mirip dengan fsck namun lebih dikhususkan untuk file sistem yang bertipe extended dua. Perintah yang digunakan :\n[code]e2fsk <nama_device>[/code]\nContoh :\n[code]e2fsk /dev/hda2[/code]\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nuntuk lebih jelas tentang [pre]e2fsck[/pre] anda dapat melihat manualnya di [code]man e2fsck[/code].\n[/span]\n\n[strong]hdparm[/strong]\n\nhdparm merupakan aplikasi yang umum digunakan untuk meningkatkan kinerja harddisk agar dapat bekerja secara optimal. Hdparm ini mendukung harddisk IDE?ST 506. APlikasi ini membutuhkan kernel linux versi 1.2.13 keatas. Beberapa option tidak bisa bekerja pada kernel-kernel awal. Sebagai tambahan beberapa option didukung hanya untuk kernel yang memasukan device IDE \nHint IDmax 200 Character\nSeparate With ":", Ex : Ls -L:ps -Aux:ls / > Grep User:driver yang baru. , seperti versi\n2.0.10 ke atas.\n\nPerintah yang bisa digunakan :\n[code]hdparm [options] <nama_device>[/code]\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nKeterangan untuk option-optionnya dapat anda baca dari manual hdparm. [code]man hdparm[/code].\n[/span]\n\nDi bawah ini merupakan beberapa contoh yang umum digunakan :\nMelihat status 32 Bit I/O :\n[code]hdparm -c /dev/hda[/code]\nUntuk mengetahui kecepatan akses disk anda\n[code]hdparm -t /dev/had[/code]\nUntuk menset hardisk anda yang 16 bit menjadi 32 Bit dan mendukung DMA\n[code]hdparm -c1 -d1 /dev/had[/code]\nUntuk menjaga agar settingan di atas tetap berlangsung, gunakan perintah :\n[code]hdparm -k1 /dev/hda[/code]\n', 'hint !\nTo be able to proceed to the next step, run and understand all commands that are enclosed in a box instruction', 'Untuk bisa melanjutkan ke step berikutnya, jalankan dan pahami seluruh command yang berada didalam kotak instruksi', 'man fsck:man e2fsck:man hdparm', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 08:08:31'),
(50, 8, 33, 'Extended Filesystem', 'Linux using Extended Filesystem', '10', 'The extended version of the file until this matter is made is ext4 (extended 4). In case this time is explained about the different versions of the extended file that was, and what the difference with the previous version.\n\n[h5] EXT2 (2nd Extended) [/h5]\nEXT2 is a powerful file system in linux. EXT2 is also one of the most powerful file system and the basis of all Linux distributions. In EXT2 file system, the file data is stored as a data block. This block of data has the same length and even though the length varies between EXT2 file system, a large block is determined when the file system is created with the command mk2fs. If a large block is 1024 bytes, then the large file with 1025 bytes will use two blocks. It means that we throw away half a block per file.\nEXT2 defines the topology file system by giving the sense that every file on the system diasosiasiakan the inode data structure. An inode indicates which blocks in a file on each file permissions, file modification time, and file type. Each file in the EXT2 file system consists of single and every inode inode has a unique identification number. Inode inode-system files are stored in the inode table. In EXT2 file system directory is a special file that contains a pointer to the inode each of the directory contents.\n\n[h5] EXT3 (3rd Extended) [/h5]\nEXT3 is an increase of EXT2 file system. This increase has several advantages, including:\n[strong] a [/strong] After the failure of resources, unclean shutdown, or damage to the system, ext2 file system must go through the process of checking the e2fsck program. This process can be a waste of time so that the boot process becomes very long, especially for large disks that contain a lot of data. In this process, all data is inaccessible.\nJournal provided by EXT3 causing no longer need to be checked data after a system failure. EXT3 only be checked if there is a hardware damage such as damage to the hard disk, but this is very rare. The time required EXT3 file system after an unclean shutdown does not depend on the size of the file system or the number of files, but depending on the size of the journal used to maintain consistency. Large default journal takes about a second to recover, depending on the speed of the hardware.\n[strong] b [/strong] Data Integrity\nEXT3 ensure data integrity after the event of damage or unclean shutdown. EXT3 allows us to choose the type and the type of protection of the data.\n[strong] c [/strong] Speed\nRather than write data more than once, ext3 has a higher throughput than ext2 because ext3 maximize hard disk head movement. We can choose three journal mode to maximize speed, but the integrity of the data is not guaranteed.\n[strong] d [/strong] made easy migration\nWe can move from ext2 to ext3 system without reformatting.\n\n[h5] EXT4 (4th Extended) [/h5]\nExt4 released a complete and stable starting from 2.6.28 kernel so if your distro which by default has tersebuat kernel version or above its automated system you already support ext4 (with records already in the include into the kernel) in addition to the version of e2fsprogs must use version 1:41 .5 or more.\nIf you are still using ext3 fs can convert to ext4 with a few steps that are not too complicated.\nBenefits can be gained by upgrading the filesystem to ext4 over ext3 is to have 48-bit block addressing, which means he would have 1EB = 1,048,576 TB maximum size of 16 TB file system with a maximum file size for her, Fast fsck, Journal checksumming, Defragmentation support.\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nexecution [code] y [/code] to continue [/span]', 'Versi extended file hingga soal ini dibuat adalah ext4(extended 4). Di case kali ini dijelaskan tentang beragam versi extended file yang pernah ada dan apa saja perbedaanya dengan versi sebelumnya.\n\n[h5]EXT2 (2nd Extended)[/h5]\nEXT2 adalah file sistem yang ampuh di linux. EXT2 juga merupakan salah satu file sistem yang paling ampuh dan menjadi dasar dari segala distribusi linux. Pada EXT2 file sistem, file data disimpan sebagai data blok. Data blok ini mempunyai panjang yang sama dan meskipun panjangnya bervariasi diantara EXT2 file sistem, besar blok tersebut ditentukan pada saat file sistem dibuat dengan perintah mk2fs. Jika besar blok adalah 1024 bytes, maka file dengan besar 1025 bytes akan memakai 2 blok. Ini berarti kita membuang setengah blok per file.\nEXT2 mendefinisikan topologi file sistem dengan memberikan arti bahwa setiap file pada sistem diasosiasiakan dengan struktur data inode. Sebuah inode menunjukkan blok mana dalam suatu file tentang hak akses setiap file, waktu modifikasi file, dan tipe file. Setiap file dalam EXT2 file sistem terdiri dari inode tunggal dan setiap inode mempunyai nomor identifikasi yang unik. Inode-inode file sistem disimpan dalam tabel inode. Direktori dalam EXT2 file sistem adalah file khusus yang mengandung pointer ke inode masing-masing isi direktori tersebut.\n\n[h5]EXT3 (3rd Extended)[/h5]\nEXT3 adalah peningkatan dari EXT2 file sistem. Peningkatan ini memiliki beberapa keuntungan, diantaranya:\n[strong]a[/strong] Setelah kegagalan sumber daya, unclean shutdown, atau kerusakan sistem, EXT2 file sistem harus melalui proses pengecekan dengan program e2fsck. Proses ini dapat membuang waktu sehingga proses booting menjadi sangat lama, khususnya untuk disk besar yang mengandung banyak sekali data. Dalam proses ini, semua data tidak dapat diakses.\nJurnal yang disediakan oleh EXT3 menyebabkan tidak perlu lagi dilakukan pengecekan data setelah kegagalan sistem. EXT3 hanya dicek bila ada kerusakan hardware seperti kerusakan hard disk, tetapi kejadian ini sangat jarang. Waktu yang diperlukan EXT3 file sistem setelah terjadi unclean shutdown tidak tergantung dari ukuran file sistem atau banyaknya file, tetapi tergantung dari besarnya jurnal yang digunakan untuk menjaga konsistensi. Besar jurnal default memerlukan waktu kira-kira sedetik untuk pulih, tergantung kecepatan hardware.\n[strong]b[/strong] Integritas data\nEXT3 menjamin adanya integritas data setelah terjadi kerusakan atau unclean shutdown. EXT3 memungkinkan kita memilih jenis dan tipe proteksi dari data.\n[strong]c[/strong]Kecepatan\nDaripada menulis data lebih dari sekali, EXT3 mempunyai throughput yang lebih besar daripada EXT2 karena EXT3 memaksimalkan pergerakan head hard disk. Kita bisa memilih tiga jurnal mode untuk memaksimalkan kecepatan, tetapi integritas data tidak terjamin.\n[strong]d[/strong]Mudah dilakukan migrasi\nKita dapat berpindah dari EXT2 ke sistem EXT3 tanpa melakukan format ulang.\n\n[h5]EXT4 (4th Extended)[/h5]\nExt4 dirilis secara komplit dan stabil berawal dari kernel 2.6.28 jadi apabila distro anda yang secara default memiliki versi kernel tersebuat atau di atas nya otomatis system anda sudah support ext4 (dengan catatan sudah di include kedalam kernelnya) selain itu versi e2fsprogs harus mengunakan versi 1.41.5 atau lebih.\nApabila anda masih menggunakan fs ext3 dapat mengkonversi ke ext4 dengan beberapa langkah yang tidak terlalu rumit.\nKeuntungan yang bisa didapat dengan mengupgrade filesystem ke ext4 dibanding ext3 adalah mempunyai pengalamatan 48-bit block yang artinya dia akan mempunyai 1EB = 1,048,576 TB ukuran maksimum filesystem dengan 16 TB untuk maksimum file size nya,Fast fsck,Journal checksumming,Defragmentation support.\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\neksekusi [code]y[/code] untuk melanjutkan[/span]', 'hint !\nexecution command [code] y [/code] to continue', 'eksekusi command [code]y[/code] untuk melanjutkan', 'y', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 08:20:44'),
(51, 9, 35, 'History', 'Smart history on Linux Shell', '15', 'History was adapted from the C-shell (csh), namely the recording of all the instructions that have been done. History can be re-elected and selected command can be run again. Variables with respect to a large history of a system is a variable [pre] HISTSIZE [/pre] which is set in the system wide environtment [pre] /etc /profile [/pre].\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nHistory can be accessed by using the command [code] history [/code].\nThen history will show all wherewith command executed by the user linux shell\n[/span]', 'History diadaptasi dari C-shell (csh), yaitu pencatatan dari semua instruksi yang telah dilakukan. History dapat dipilih kembali dan perintah yang dipilih dapat dijalankan kembali. Variabel yang berkenaan dengan besar history dari suatu sistem adalah variabel [pre]HISTSIZE[/pre] yang di-set dalam system wide environtment [pre]/etc/profile[/pre].\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\nHistory bisa diakses dengan menggunakan command [code]history[/code].\nMaka history akan menampilkan semua command yangtelah dijalankan oleh user linux shell\n[/span]', 'hint !\nExecution and understand all commands that are in the box instruction to proceed.', 'Eksekusi dan pahami semua command yang ada didalam box instruksi untuk melanjutkan.', 'history', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 08:36:59');
INSERT INTO `course` (`id_course`, `id_level`, `step`, `title`, `description`, `estimate`, `course_case_en`, `course_case_id`, `hint_en`, `hint_id`, `command`, `custom_controller`, `status`, `editdate`) VALUES
(52, 9, 36, 'bash Scripting', 'Knowing bash scripting and how to use it', '10', '[h5] Bash Shell [/h5]\nOne of the most common types of shell used is BASH (Bourne-Again Shell) which was created by Bryan Fox in 1988. Shell is a replacement of the Bourne Shell (sh) the existing first and is still used in some Linux distributions. Currently BASH shell has become the de facto for almost all Linux distributions because it is considered the most feature-rich and has a fairly high degree of portability. For comparison between variants shell can be seen on the Wikipedia website [a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_command_shells" target = "_ blank"] - wikipedia - [/a]\n\nHistory can be accessed by using the command [code] history [/code].\nas usual the first step to learn shell scripting is showing the view to display.\nRun shell below to proceed to the next step\n\n[span class = "instructions"] [h5] Instructions [/h5]\nTo more know about echo, execute this command, [code] echo ''hello world'' [/code].\n\nknow all the options available for the command ''echo'' to read something in [code] man echo [/code]\n\nThen run some modification of the echo to display certain characters on the screen.\n[code] echo ''line1 \\n line2'' [/code], add a space bari with ''\\ n''.\n[code] echo ''this is the backslash'' \\\\ [/code], write the backslash ''\\\\''.\n[code] echo ''before tab \\t after the tab ''[/code], adding horizontal tab \\t''.\n[/span]', '[h5]Bash Shell[/h5]\nSalah satu jenis shell yang paling umum digunakan adalah BASH (Bourne-Again Shell) yang diciptakan oleh Bryan Fox pada tahun 1988. Shell ini merupakan pengganti dari Bourne Shell (sh) yang sudah ada lebih dahulu dan masih digunakan pada beberapa distribusi Linux. Saat ini BASH sudah menjadi shell de facto untuk hampir semua distribusi Linux karena dianggap paling kaya fitur serta memiliki tingkat portabilitas yang cukup tinggi. Untuk perbandingan antar varian shell bisa dilihat pada situs Wikipedia [a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_command_shells" target="_blank"]-wikipedia-[/a]\n\nHistory bisa diakses dengan menggunakan command [code]history[/code].\nseperti biasa langkah awal untuk belajar shell scripting adalah menampilkan tampilan ke layar.\nJalankan shell dibawah ini untuk melanjutkan ke step berikutnya\n\n[span class="instructions"][h5]Instructions[/h5]\n[code]echo ''hello world''[/code].\n\nketahui semua option yang tersedia untuk command ''echo'' dengan mambaca di [code]man echo[/code]\n\nKemudian jalankan beberapa modifikasi dari echo untuk menampilkan karakter tertentu dilayar.\n[code]echo ''line1 \\n line2''[/code], menambah spasi bari dengan ''\\n''.\n[/span]', 'hint !\nexecute all commands that exist in the city instruction to proceed to the next step', 'jalankan semua perintah yang ada di dalam kota instruksi untuk melanjutkan ke step berikutnya', 'echo ''hello world'':echo ''line1 \\n line2'':man echo', '', 'posted', '2015-04-05 09:22:42');

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CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `discussion` (
`id_discuss` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `content` text NOT NULL,
  `postdate` datetime NOT NULL,
  `updatedate` datetime NOT NULL,
  `id_user` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `type` enum('ask','thread') NOT NULL,
  `views` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('posted','locked') NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=10 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `discussion`
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INSERT INTO `discussion` (`id_discuss`, `title`, `content`, `postdate`, `updatedate`, `id_user`, `type`, `views`, `status`) VALUES
(1, 'Change Directory then Execute Files', 'i''m confused on materi : Linux Shell, level 2\nchange to directory then execute file.\nso this my case :\nrecent directory [code]/home/user[/code]\nfile location\n[code]/home/user/programs/myprogram.sh[/code]', '2014-12-25 00:00:00', '2015-01-02 04:10:35', 2, 'ask', 23, 'locked'),
(7, 'How to make Linux to TV', 'sdfsdfsd', '2014-12-30 03:24:51', '2014-12-30 03:24:51', 2, 'thread', 0, 'posted'),
(8, 'Tannya', '[code]jfkdfj;lasdjf;lkasd[/code]....\n\n[ppppp]ljdslfkja;ldsj[pppp]', '2015-02-12 10:31:47', '2015-02-12 10:31:47', 2, 'ask', 0, 'posted'),
(9, 'Is Linuxourse Support Others Distro', 'as I tried, linuxourse using ubuntu as a primary server and shells. What can linuxourse support for other distributions', '2015-04-03 10:13:01', '2015-04-03 10:13:01', 23, 'ask', 0, 'posted');

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-- Table structure for table `discussion_comment`
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CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `discussion_comment` (
`id_comment` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `id_discussion` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `id_user` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `commentdate` datetime NOT NULL,
  `updatedate` datetime NOT NULL,
  `comment` varchar(500) NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('posted','locked') NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=7 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `discussion_comment`
--

INSERT INTO `discussion_comment` (`id_comment`, `id_discussion`, `id_user`, `commentdate`, `updatedate`, `comment`, `status`) VALUES
(4, 1, 2, '2015-02-20 02:56:55', '2015-02-20 02:56:55', 'test', 'posted'),
(5, 7, 6, '2015-03-16 11:07:53', '2015-03-18 11:58:31', 'do you know Ubuntu TV, go on at Google Search', 'posted'),
(6, 7, 23, '2015-04-03 09:02:04', '2015-04-03 09:02:04', 'yea, its no problem', 'posted');

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-- Table structure for table `discussion_comment_action`
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CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `discussion_comment_action` (
  `id_comment` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `id_user` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `give` enum('up','down') NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

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-- Dumping data for table `discussion_comment_action`
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INSERT INTO `discussion_comment_action` (`id_comment`, `id_user`, `give`) VALUES
(4, 2, 'down'),
(5, 6, 'up'),
(5, 23, 'up');

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-- Table structure for table `doTest`
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CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `doTest` (
  `idDoTest` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `startDoTest` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `endDoTest` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `idTest` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `id_user` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `doTestAs` enum('organizer','participant') DEFAULT NULL,
  `doTestResult` text,
  `doTestScore` int(11) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

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-- Dumping data for table `doTest`
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INSERT INTO `doTest` (`idDoTest`, `startDoTest`, `endDoTest`, `idTest`, `id_user`, `doTestAs`, `doTestResult`, `doTestScore`) VALUES
('2-6', '2015-07-09 21:33:08', '2015-07-09 23:22:01', 6, 2, 'organizer', '{"1":{"correct":100,"time":0},"2":{"correct":0,"time":0},"3":{"correct":0,"time":0}}', 0),
('2-8', '2015-09-05 23:08:03', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 8, 2, 'participant', '[]', 0),
('25-8', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 8, 25, 'participant', '', NULL),
('6-6', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 6, 6, 'participant', '[]', 0),
('6-7', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 7, 6, 'organizer', '[]', 0);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `level`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `level` (
`id_level` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `id_materi` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `level` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `description` varchar(3000) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=14 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

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-- Dumping data for table `level`
--

INSERT INTO `level` (`id_level`, `id_materi`, `level`, `title`, `description`) VALUES
(1, 1, 1, 'Knowing Linux', 'introduction to the history of Linux, components and excess'),
(3, 2, 1, 'Shell', 'Working with Linux shell'),
(4, 2, 2, 'File And Directory Management', 'manajemen file dan direktori di Linux'),
(5, 2, 3, 'Process Management', 'Manage process on linux'),
(6, 2, 4, 'Boot Processes Management', 'Boot Processes Management'),
(7, 2, 5, 'System Administration', 'System Administration'),
(8, 2, 6, 'Storage Management', 'Storage Management'),
(9, 2, 7, 'Shell scripting', 'Shell scripting'),
(12, 3, 1, 'linkstart', 'bla bla'),
(13, 3, 1, 'startto', 'bla bla');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `linuxTerminal`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `linuxTerminal` (
`idLinuxTerminal` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `linuxTerminalcol` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `linuxTerminal`
--

INSERT INTO `linuxTerminal` (`idLinuxTerminal`, `linuxTerminalcol`) VALUES
(1, 'debian'),
(2, 'red hat');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `ls_dir`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ls_dir` (
`id_ls_dir` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `id_available_dir` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `type` enum('-','s') NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `attributes` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `content` text NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=23 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `ls_dir`
--

INSERT INTO `ls_dir` (`id_ls_dir`, `id_available_dir`, `type`, `name`, `attributes`, `content`) VALUES
(3, 7, '-', '.hiddenname', 'rwx--x--x:0|admin|linuxourse|7000|1Jan2015|24:00', 'this is hidden file'),
(7, 10, '-', 'vmlinuz-3.16.0-30-generic', 'rwx--x--x:0 admin linuxourse 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', 'you can''t read this file'),
(8, 11, '-', 'version', 'rwx--x--x:0 user user 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', 'Linux version 3.16.0-30-generic (buildd@komainu) (gcc version 4.9.1 (Ubuntu 4.9.1-16ubuntu6) ) #40-Ubuntu SMP Mon Jan 12 22:06:37 UTC 2015\n'),
(9, 10, '-', 'vmlinuz-3.16.0-29-generic', 'rwx--x--x:0 admin linuxourse 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', 'this file can''t to read'),
(10, 12, '-', 'sources.list', 'rwx--x--x:0 user user 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', '# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 14.04 LTS _Trusty Tahr_ - Release amd64 (20140417)]/ trusty main restricted\n\n# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to\n# newer versions of the distribution.\ndeb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic main restricted\ndeb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic main restricted\n\n## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the\n## distribution.\ndeb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-updates main restricted\ndeb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-updates main restricted\n\n## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu\n## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any\n## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.\ndeb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic universe\ndeb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic universe\ndeb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-updates universe\ndeb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-updates universe\n\n## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu \n## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to \n## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in \n## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu\n## security team.\ndeb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic multiverse\ndeb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic multiverse\ndeb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-updates multiverse\ndeb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-updates multiverse\n\n## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as\n## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes\n## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.\n## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review\n## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.\ndeb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-backports main restricted universe multiverse\ndeb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-backports main restricted universe multiverse\n\ndeb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-security main restricted\ndeb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-security main restricted\ndeb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-security universe\ndeb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-security universe\ndeb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-security multiverse\ndeb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic-security multiverse\n\n## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical''s\n## ''partner'' repository.\n## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the\n## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.\ndeb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu trusty partner\ndeb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu trusty partner\n\n## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by third-party\n## developers who want to ship their latest software.\ndeb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu utopic main\ndeb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu utopic main'),
(11, 7, '-', 'noeditfile', 'rwx--x--x:0 admin linuxourse 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', 'user cannot edit this file'),
(12, 3, '-', 'syslog.conf', 'rwx--x--x:0 user user 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', '# /etc/syslog.conf\nConfiguration file for syslogd.\n#\n# For more information see syslog.conf(5)\n# manpage.\n#\n# First some standard logfiles.\n#\nauth,authpriv.*\n*.*;auth,authpriv.none\n#cron.*\ndaemon.*\nkern.*\nlpr.*\nmail.*\nuser.*\nuucp.*\n/var/log/auth.log\n-/var/log/syslog\n/var/log/cron.log\n-/var/log/daemon.log\n-/var/log/kern.log\n-/var/log/lpr.log\n/var/log/mail.log\n-/var/log/user.log\n-/var/log/uucp.log\n#\n# Logging for the mail system. Split it up so that\n# it is easy to write scripts to parse these files.\n#\nmail.info\n-/var/log/mail.info\nmail.warn\n-/var/log/mail.warn\nmail.err\n/var/log/mail.err\n# Logging for INN news system\n#\nnews.crit\nnews.err\nnews.notice\n#\n# Some ’catch-all’ logfiles.\n#\n*.=debug;\\\nauth,authpriv.none;\\\nnews.none;mail.none\n*.=info;*.=notice;*.=warn;\\\nauth,authpriv.none;\\\ncron,daemon.none;\\\nmail,news.none\n/var/log/news/news.crit\n/var/log/news/news.err\n-/var/log/news/news.notice\n-/var/log/debug\n-/var/log/messages\n#\n# Emergencies are sent to everybody logged in.\n#\n*.emerg\n*\n#\n# I like to have messages displayed on the console, but only on a virtual\n# console I usually leave idle.\n#\n#daemon,mail.*;\\\n#\nnews.=crit;news.=err;news.=notice;\\\n#\n*.=debug;*.=info;\\\n#\n*.=notice;*.=warn\n/dev/tty8\n# The named pipe /dev/xconsole is for the nsole’ utility. To use it,\n# you must invoke nsole’ with the -file’ option:\n#\n#\n$ xconsole -file /dev/xconsole [...]\n#\n# NOTE: adjust the list below, or you’ll go crazy if you have a reasonably\n#\nbusy site..\n#\ndaemon.*;mail.*;\\\nnews.crit;news.err;news.notice;\\\n*.=debug;*.=info;\\\n#\n*.emerg\n*\n#\n# I like to have messages displayed on the console, but only on a virtual\n# console I usually leave idle.\n#\n#daemon,mail.*;\\\n#\nnews.=crit;news.=err;news.=notice;\\\n#\n*.=debug;*.=info;\\\n#\n*.=notice;*.=warn\n/dev/tty8\n# The named pipe /dev/xconsole is for the nsole’ utility. To use it,\n# you must invoke nsole’ with the -file’ option:\n#\n#\n$ xconsole -file /dev/xconsole [...]\n#\n# NOTE: adjust the list below, or you’ll go crazy if you have a reasonably\n#\nbusy site..\n#\ndaemon.*;mail.*;\\\nnews.crit;news.err;news.notice;\\\n*.=debug;*.=info;\\\n#\n*.emerg\n*\n#\n# I like to have messages displayed on the console, but only on a virtual\n# console I usually leave idle.\n#\n#daemon,mail.*;\\\n#\nnews.=crit;news.=err;news.=notice;\\\n#\n*.=debug;*.=info;\\\n#\n*.=notice;*.=warn\n/dev/tty8\n# The named pipe /dev/xconsole is for the nsole’ utility. To use it,\n# you must invoke nsole’ with the -file’ option:\n#\n#\n$ xconsole -file /dev/xconsole [...]\n#\n# NOTE: adjust the list below, or you’ll go crazy if you have a reasonably\n#\nbusy site..\n#\ndaemon.*;mail.*;\\\nnews.crit;news.err;news.notice;\\\n*.=debug;*.=info;\\\n*.=notice;*.=warn\n|/dev/xconsole'),
(13, 3, '-', 'inittab', 'rwx--x--x:0 user user 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', '# /etc/inittab: init(8) configuration.\n# $Id: inittab,v 1.8 1998/05/10 10:37:50 miquels Exp $\n# The default runlevel.\nid:2:initdefault:\n# Boot-time system configuration/initialization script.\n# This is run first except when booting in emergency (-b) mode.\nsi::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS\n# What to do in single-user mode.\n ? ?:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin\n#\n#\n#\n#\n#\n#\n#\n/etc/init.d executes the S and K scripts upon change\nof runlevel.\nRunlevel 0 is\nRunlevel 1 is\nRunlevels 2-5\nRunlevel 6 is\nhalt.\nsingle-user.\nare multi-user.\nreboot.\nl0:0:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 0\nl1:1:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 1\nl2:2:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 2\nl3:3:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 3\nl4:4:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 4\nl5:5:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 5\nl6:6:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 6\n# Normally not reached, but fallthrough in case of emergency.\nz6:6:respawn:/sbin/sulogin\n# What to do when CTRL-ALT-DEL is pressed.\n#ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now\nca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/root/ctrlaltdel\n# Action on special keypress (ALT-UpArrow).\nkb::kbrequest:/bin/echo "Keyboard Request--\nedit /etc/inittab to let this work."\n# What to do when the power fails/returns.\npf::powerwait:/etc/init.d/powerfail start\npn::powerfailnow:/etc/init.d/powerfail now\npo::powerokwait:/etc/init.d/powerfail stop\n# /sbin/getty invocations for the runlevels.\n#\n# The "id" field MUST be the same as the last\n# characters of the device (after "tty").\n#\n# Format:\n# <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>\n1:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty1\n2:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty2\n3:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty3\n4:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4\n5:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5\n6:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6\n# Example how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)\n#\n#T0:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100\n#T1:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100\n# Example how to put a getty on a modem line.\n#\n#T3:23:respawn:/sbin/mgetty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS3'),
(14, 3, '-', 'klog.conf', 'rwx--x--x:0 user user 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', '#this is content of klog.conf'),
(15, 3, '-', 'passwd', 'rwx--x--x:0 user user 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', 'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\ndaemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin\nbin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin\nsys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin\nsync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync\nman:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin\nadmin:x:1000:1000:admin,,,:/:/bin/bash'),
(16, 3, '-', 'shadow', 'rwx--x--x:0 user user 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', 'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\ndaemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin\nbin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin\nsys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin\nsync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync\nman:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin\nadmin:x:1000:1000:admin,,,:/:/bin/bash'),
(17, 3, '-', 'group', 'rwx--x--x:0 user user 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', 'root:x:0:\nstudent:x:0:'),
(18, 3, '-', 'passwd.bak', 'rwx--x--x:0 user user 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', 'backup file of /etc/passwd'),
(19, 13, '-', 'examples.desktop', 'rwx--x--x:0 user user 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', 'this is home drectory template'),
(20, 7, '-', '.bash_logout', 'rwx--x--x:0 user user 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', '.bash_logout'),
(21, 7, '-', '.bash_profile', 'rwx--x--x:0 user user 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', ''),
(22, 7, '-', '.bashrc', 'rwx--x--x:0 user user 7000 1Jan2015 24:00', '# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.\n# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)\n# for examples\n\n# If not running interactively, don''t do anything\ncase $- in\n    *i*) ;;\n      *) return;;\nesac\n\n# don''t put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.\n# See bash(1) for more options\nHISTCONTROL=ignoreboth\n\n# append to the history file, don''t overwrite it\nshopt -s histappend\n\n# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)\nHISTSIZE=1000\nHISTFILESIZE=2000\n\n# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,\n# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.\nshopt -s checkwinsize\n\n# If set, the pattern "**" used in a pathname expansion context will\n# match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.\n#shopt -s globstar\n\n# make less more friendly for non-text input files, see lesspipe(1)\n[ -x /usr/bin/lesspipe ] && eval "$(SHELL=/bin/sh lesspipe)"\n\n# set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)\nif [ -z "${debian_chroot:-}" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then\n    debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)\nfi\n\n# set a fancy prompt (non-color, unless we know we "want" color)\ncase "$TERM" in\n    xterm-color) color_prompt=yes;;\nesac\n\n# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned\n# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window\n# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt\n#force_color_prompt=yes\n\nif [ -n "$force_color_prompt" ]; then\n    if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] && tput setaf 1 >&/dev/null; then\n	# We have color support; assume it''s compliant with Ecma-48\n	# (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such\n	# a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)\n	color_prompt=yes\n    else\n	color_prompt=\n    fi\nfi\n\nif [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then\n    PS1=''${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\\[\\033[01;32m\\]\\u@\\h\\[\\033[00m\\]:\\[\\033[01;34m\\]\\w\\[\\033[00m\\]\\$ ''\nelse\n    PS1=''${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\\u@\\h:\\w\\$ ''\nfi\nunset color_prompt force_color_prompt\n\n# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir\ncase "$TERM" in\nxterm*|rxvt*)\n    PS1="\\[\\e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\\u@\\h: \\w\\a\\]$PS1"\n    ;;\n*)\n    ;;\nesac\n\n# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliases\nif [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then\n    test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)"\n    alias ls=''ls --color=auto''\n    #alias dir=''dir --color=auto''\n    #alias vdir=''vdir --color=auto''\n\n    alias grep=''grep --color=auto''\n    alias fgrep=''fgrep --color=auto''\n    alias egrep=''egrep --color=auto''\nfi\n\n# some more ls aliases\nalias ll=''ls -alF''\nalias la=''ls -A''\nalias l=''ls -CF''\n\n# Add an "alert" alias for long running commands.  Use like so:\n#   sleep 10; alert\nalias alert=''notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e ''\\''''s/^\\s*[0-9]\\+\\s*//;s/[;&|]\\s*alert$//''\\'''')"''\n\n# Alias definitions.\n# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like\n# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.\n# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.\n\nif [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then\n    . ~/.bash_aliases\nfi\n\n# enable programmable completion features (you don''t need to enable\n# this, if it''s already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile\n# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).\nif ! shopt -oq posix; then\n  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then\n    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion\n  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then\n    . /etc/bash_completion\n  fi\nfi');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `materi`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `materi` (
`id_materi` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `description` varchar(300) NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('published','unpublish') NOT NULL,
  `adddate` datetime NOT NULL,
  `logo` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `idLinuxTerminal` int(11) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `materi`
--

INSERT INTO `materi` (`id_materi`, `title`, `description`, `status`, `adddate`, `logo`, `idLinuxTerminal`) VALUES
(1, 'Introduce Linux', 'introduction to the history of Linux, components and excess', 'published', '2014-12-31 05:00:00', 'introduce logo.png', 1),
(2, 'Linux Shell and Command Debian Family', 'learn linux from the basic commands to shell scripting', 'published', '2015-01-01 03:15:47', 'terminal logo.png', 1),
(3, 'Linux Networking', 'Learn Linux networking configuration', 'unpublish', '2015-01-09 04:26:35', 'network logo.png', 1);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `news`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `news` (
`id_news` smallint(6) NOT NULL,
  `id_user` int(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `title` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `content` text NOT NULL,
  `postdate` datetime NOT NULL,
  `updatedate` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  `status` enum('published','draft') NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=27 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `news`
--

INSERT INTO `news` (`id_news`, `id_user`, `title`, `content`, `postdate`, `updatedate`, `status`) VALUES
(1, 1, 'About', 'About e-course', '2014-12-14 20:35:10', '2015-01-31 08:42:33', 'published'),
(2, 1, 'Help', 'help content', '2014-12-14 20:35:20', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(3, 1, 'Terms And Conditions', 'Sebelum mengikuti kursus, diharapkan untuk membaca beberapa terms and conditions dibawah ini :\n\nShell yang digunakan pada kursus online ini berbasis distro Linux Debian.\n\nKasus dan soal 100% dikerjakan oleh anda sendiri, tanpa campur tangan dari pihak manapun.\n\nPenilaian berdasarkan waktu yang anda butuhkan untuk memecahkan kasus/soal menggunakan Linux Shell.\n\nJika penyelesaian materi sudah 100%, maka anda langsung bisa mendapatkan sertifikat sesuai dengan materi dan nilai yang didapat.\n\nada pertanyaan kontak ke faq@linuxourse.com', '2014-12-14 20:35:32', '2015-03-06 07:22:58', 'published'),
(4, 1, 'Locked Content', 'Locked status ditunjukan untuk konsen diskusi dan comment yang telah dibuat user, Locked diberikan karena konten tersebut dianggap pernah di post oleh user/waktu yang lain atau mengandung konten sara, porngrafi atau melanggar Undang-Undang di Indonesia. Konten yang di locked secara otomatis akan terhapus dalam waktu 1x24 jam kecuali dilakukan perubahan isi dari konten, hingga tidak mendapatkan status locked', '2014-12-14 20:35:32', '2015-02-25 04:49:12', 'published'),
(5, 1, 'FAQ', '[strong]Apakah bisa mendapatkan sertifikat setelah menyelesaikan kursus online?[/strong]\nBisa, sertifikat bisa didapatkan setiap menyelesaikan materi pada kursus online secara langasung.', '2014-12-14 20:35:32', '2015-02-25 10:22:51', 'published'),
(6, 1, 'Start Course', 'Beberapa hal yang perlu disiapkan untuk memulai kursus. Kursus hanya boleh iikuti oleh member yang terdaftar.\n\n[strong]Materi Wajib[/strong] yang diikuti oleh member secara otomatis adalah "Introduce Linux", untuk selanjutnya member dapat memilih materi kursus lain sesuai dengan minatnya.\n\n[strong]Sertifikat[/strong] secara langsung diberikan dalam bentuk PDF ketika member telah menyelesaikan salah satu materi kursus. Sertifikat bisa saja hilang ketka terjadi penambahan kasus/soal pada materi yang telah selesai dikerjakan.', '2014-12-14 20:35:32', '2015-02-25 04:52:55', 'published'),
(7, 1, 'Privacy Policy', 'Privacy Policy content', '2014-12-14 20:35:46', '2015-03-30 12:36:23', 'published'),
(8, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:46', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(9, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:46', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(10, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:46', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(11, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:46', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(12, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:46', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(13, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:46', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(14, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:47', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(15, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:49', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(16, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:49', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(17, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:49', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(18, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:49', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(19, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:49', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(20, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:49', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(21, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:49', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(22, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:49', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(23, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:49', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(24, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:49', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(25, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:49', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published'),
(26, 1, 'contoh', 'contoh', '2014-12-14 20:35:49', '2015-01-31 08:42:47', 'published');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `signature`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `signature` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `startdate` datetime NOT NULL,
  `enddate` datetime NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(200) NOT NULL,
  `signature` varchar(100) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `signature`
--

INSERT INTO `signature` (`id`, `startdate`, `enddate`, `name`, `signature`) VALUES
(1, '2014-05-01 00:00:00', '2015-04-30 00:00:00', 'Zaenul Fatah Muharrom', 'zaenul.gif');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `test`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `test` (
`idTest` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `testName` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
  `testNotes` text,
  `organization` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
  `testUniqueLink` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
  `testOpen` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `testClose` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `testType` enum('public','private') DEFAULT NULL,
  `testCreated` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `testUpdated` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `id_user` bigint(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `testEmail` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
  `idLinuxTerminal` int(11) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=9 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `test`
--

INSERT INTO `test` (`idTest`, `testName`, `testNotes`, `organization`, `testUniqueLink`, `testOpen`, `testClose`, `testType`, `testCreated`, `testUpdated`, `id_user`, `testEmail`, `idLinuxTerminal`) VALUES
(6, 'Testing test', 'lets solve this test in 5 minutes, do it', 'My Organization', 'testing', '2015-07-06 00:00:00', '2015-07-06 02:00:00', 'public', '2015-07-07 21:27:18', '2015-07-08 22:34:46', 2, 'cs@organiztion.com', 1),
(7, 'Ujian Masuk FOSSIL', 'silahkan mengerjakan total 5 tes tentang Linux dasar di test ini.\nJawab secepat dan sebenar mungkin.', 'FOSSIL Amikom', 'fossiltest', '2015-07-12 09:00:00', '2015-07-12 17:00:00', 'private', '2015-07-10 14:35:37', '2015-07-10 14:36:40', 6, 'lisa@fossil.amikom.ac.id', 1),
(8, 'Test Masuk PT Wireless Education', 'Berikut adalah beberapa soal yang harus anda selesaikan untuk melanjutkan proses perekrutan Pt Wireless Education.', 'PT Wireless Education', 'recruitmentwireless', '2015-10-01 08:00:00', '2015-10-01 10:00:00', 'private', '2015-09-05 17:43:09', '2015-09-05 18:06:41', 6, 'karir@wirelesseducation.com', NULL);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `testCase`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `testCase` (
`idTestCase` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `idTest` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `testCaseStep` int(10) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
  `testCaseQuestion` text,
  `estimate` int(10) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
  `command` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
  `addTestCase` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `updatedTestCase` datetime DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=11 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `testCase`
--

INSERT INTO `testCase` (`idTestCase`, `idTest`, `testCaseStep`, `testCaseQuestion`, `estimate`, `command`, `addTestCase`, `updatedTestCase`) VALUES
(2, 6, 2, 'This is second step loh ok', 1, 'second command', '2015-07-08 18:41:55', '2015-07-08 21:33:23'),
(3, 6, 3, 'this is third step', 3, 'third command', '2015-07-08 18:46:31', '2015-07-08 21:32:49'),
(5, 6, 1, 'this is first step', 1, 'y', '2015-07-08 22:01:42', '2015-07-08 22:01:42'),
(6, 6, 4, 'fourth step', 1, 'do this', '2015-07-09 00:31:18', '2015-07-09 00:31:18'),
(7, 7, 1, 'tes pertama, didalam direktorimu sekarang, silahkan buat folder ''direkori'' untuk kemudian ubah hak aksesnya menjadi rw-r--r-- menggunakan perintah angka', 2, 'mkdir direktori:chmod 644 direktori', '2015-07-10 20:38:36', '2015-07-10 20:38:36'),
(8, 7, 2, 'Cek umask folder aktif sekarang apakah terjadi sebuah perubahan.', 1, 'umask', '2015-07-12 16:53:31', '2015-07-12 16:53:31'),
(9, 8, 1, 'berikut adalah test dasar tentag komentar linux. didalam direktori aktif sekarang, silahkan buat direktori baru bernama ''wireless''.\nkemudian masuk ke directori tersebut, untuk kemudian silahkan membuat 2 direktori lainnya bernama ''1'' dan ''2'' satu persatu.', 1, 'mkdir wireless:cd wireless:mkdir 1:mkdir 2', '2015-09-05 18:02:17', '2015-09-05 18:02:17'),
(10, 8, 2, 'Eksekusi command yang digunakan untuk manajemen proses. Meliputi bagaimana mengetahui semua proses yang aktif didalam shell.\n\nDari semua proses yang aktif tersebut, filter komentar yang hanya dieksekusi oleh ''root''. Simpan hasil filter tersebut kedalam file baru bernama ''prosesadmin'' didalam active didirectory sekarang.', 1, 'ps -aux:ps -aux|grep root|touch prosesadmin:p', '2015-09-05 19:16:54', '2015-09-05 19:16:54');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `user`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `user` (
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  `level` enum('student') NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('waiting','active','banned') NOT NULL,
  `pp` text NOT NULL,
  `about` varchar(200) NOT NULL,
  `verified` tinyint(1) NOT NULL,
  `oauthProvider` enum('googleplus','facebook','twittter') NOT NULL,
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--
-- Dumping data for table `user`
--

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(2, 'yussan', 'yusuf@kompetisi.id', 'Yusuf Akhsan Hidayat', 1, '2014-11-26 00:00:00', '2015-09-05 02:25:18', 'be71a8e61b64f613366380071fae3b38', 'student', 'active', 'cd790f1e7cfb7eef1fe75a2e5a25fc34.jpg', 'happy command', 1, 'googleplus', ''),
(6, 'lisa', 'lisa@japan.jp', 'Risa Oribe', 1, '2015-01-14 11:36:02', '2015-09-07 00:44:08', 'be71a8e61b64f613366380071fae3b38', 'student', 'active', 'lisa.jpg', 'prety linuxer', 1, 'googleplus', ''),
(19, 'lucy', 'lucy@gmail.com', 'Lucy Airgard', 3, '2015-03-05 10:45:48', '2015-03-31 13:42:06', 'be71a8e61b64f613366380071fae3b38', 'student', 'active', '08ca6985c149142b0813f540731ced35.jpg', '', 1, 'googleplus', ''),
(23, 'yussandeveloper', 'yussandeveloper@gmail.com', 'Yussan Dev', 3, '2015-03-31 08:42:12', '2015-06-04 05:51:20', 'be71a8e61b64f613366380071fae3b38', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, 'googleplus', '116001482224244307186'),
(24, 'noreply.youngs', 'noreply.youngs@gmail.com', 'No Reply Youngs', 3, '2015-04-01 12:02:06', '2015-04-01 16:02:22', 'be71a8e61b64f613366380071fae3b38', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, 'googleplus', '103997003262945217407'),
(25, 'mr.yussan', 'mr.yussan@facebook.com', 'Yusuf Akhsan', 3, '2015-04-02 10:49:21', '2015-05-26 04:00:04', 'be71a8e61b64f613366380071fae3b38', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, 'facebook', '927445337277433'),
(26, 'ronysyah84', 'ronysyah84@gmail.com', 'Rony Irwansyah', 3, '2015-04-02 11:57:05', '2015-05-20 01:28:05', 'be71a8e61b64f613366380071fae3b38', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, 'googleplus', '111808284132533936780'),
(27, 'ahmad.fuad1945', 'ahmad.fuad1945@gmail.com', 'ahmad fuad', 3, '2015-04-03 08:37:33', '2015-04-05 02:22:52', '4aab388ecdae9f3160eb0763c851130a', 'student', 'active', '2840863ebd0a8f35aa3fd23f4e3cc943.jpg', '', 1, 'googleplus', '102052983924969012073'),
(28, 'ahmadfuad', 'ahmadfuad365@yahoo.com', 'Ahmad Fuad', 3, '2015-04-03 08:39:35', '2015-04-03 01:39:35', '5259ee4a034fdeddd1b65be92debe731', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, 'facebook', '1078282412188971'),
(29, 'alvinux', 'alvin.i@students.amikom.ac.id', 'Alvin Indra Cahya', 3, '2015-04-03 07:57:31', '2015-04-03 00:57:45', '2a3d9c693b394a6250d64c46eab4776b', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, 'googleplus', '115983701392647016478'),
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(32, 'chimenk91', 'chimenk91@gmail.com', 'M. Urfa Nurfathan', 3, '2015-04-04 08:05:07', '2015-04-04 01:05:24', '5175db077fbbe4ff8c656ccf53a15597', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, 'googleplus', '108256787454242600985'),
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(35, 'prisca2810', 'prisca2810@gmail.com', 'Prisca Oktavia Dwi Putri', 3, '2015-05-09 02:34:38', '2015-05-09 07:34:38', 'd87669ec49bce045e1b785c23755f2c1', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, 'googleplus', '107761151970306341884'),
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(42, 'cakhanif', 'nichazah@gmail.com', 'Muhammad Hanif', 3, '2015-05-21 08:45:41', '2015-05-21 01:45:54', 'e9c9a8ecb2b73f98db2035e4cc601721', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, 'googleplus', '100714016179015660048'),
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(47, 'wisnubewe', 'suck0444@gmail.com', 'Wisnu Bayu', 3, '2015-05-24 09:23:42', '2015-05-24 02:23:58', '1aa38946079633d1739152bbcdd0bb0c', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, 'facebook', '971198239592256'),
(48, '10200533976987698', 'ihdamawaddah@gmail.com', 'Ihda Mawaddah N', 3, '2015-05-27 06:48:39', '2015-05-26 23:49:25', '4aab388ecdae9f3160eb0763c851130a', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, 'facebook', '10200533976987698'),
(49, '986853694711002', 'asaddz5@gmail.com', 'Asad Dz', 3, '2015-05-27 07:01:05', '2015-05-27 12:01:05', '28aa7f8382e4b4e2a4865e1ce9a3d8e7', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, 'facebook', '986853694711002'),
(50, 'erfan', 'erfan.wahyudie@gmail.com', 'Erfan Wahyudi', 3, '2015-05-28 06:15:05', '2015-05-27 23:29:30', '51b2d5006d607867fd4731bf508fa620', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, 'facebook', '840203882732316'),
(54, 'anggi', 'yusuf.hi@students.amikom.ac.id', 'Anggi Puspitasari', 3, '2015-06-05 11:52:08', '2015-06-05 17:06:42', 'be71a8e61b64f613366380071fae3b38', 'student', 'active', '', '', 1, '', '');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `user_badge`
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--
-- Dumping data for table `user_badge`
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INSERT INTO `user_badge` (`id_user_badge`, `id_user`, `id_badge`, `getdate`) VALUES
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-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `user_course`
--

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--
-- Dumping data for table `user_course`
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(38, 34, 1, 1, 3, '2015-04-14 09:54:02', '2015-04-14 14:54:59', '{"1":1,"2":0,"3":0}', 'incomplete'),
(39, 36, 1, 1, 4, '2015-05-11 10:02:23', '2015-05-11 15:13:25', '{"1":1,"2":2,"3":4,"4":5}', 'incomplete'),
(40, 37, 1, 1, 6, '2015-05-19 03:45:29', '2015-05-19 08:56:56', '{"1":1,"2":0,"3":3,"4":3,"5":1,"6":1}', 'completed'),
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(42, 39, 1, 1, 3, '2015-05-19 11:43:59', '2015-05-19 16:45:27', '{"1":1,"2":0,"3":0}', 'incomplete'),
(43, 40, 1, 1, 1, '2015-05-20 04:33:00', '2015-05-19 21:33:20', '', 'incomplete'),
(44, 26, 2, 3, 28, '2015-05-20 08:29:05', '2015-05-20 01:38:37', '{"21":1,"9":1,"10":1,"11":0,"20":0,"27":0,"28":0}', 'incomplete'),
(45, 41, 1, 1, 1, '2015-05-20 02:31:16', '2015-05-20 07:31:28', '', 'incomplete'),
(46, 42, 1, 1, 6, '2015-05-21 08:45:54', '2015-05-21 01:48:07', '{"1":1,"2":0,"3":0,"4":0,"5":0,"6":0}', 'completed'),
(47, 43, 1, 1, 1, '2015-05-21 10:46:34', '2015-05-21 15:47:03', '', 'incomplete'),
(48, 44, 1, 1, 4, '2015-05-21 11:00:04', '2015-05-21 16:02:38', '{"1":1,"2":0,"3":0,"4":1}', 'incomplete'),
(49, 44, 2, 3, 20, '2015-05-21 11:24:24', '2015-05-21 16:49:44', '{"21":1,"9":0,"10":20,"11":1,"20":1}', 'incomplete'),
(50, 45, 1, 1, 3, '2015-05-23 03:48:29', '2015-05-23 08:50:32', '{"1":1,"2":0,"3":0}', 'incomplete'),
(51, 46, 1, 1, 4, '2015-05-24 04:44:53', '2015-05-24 09:48:24', '{"1":1,"2":1,"3":0,"4":1}', 'incomplete'),
(52, 47, 1, 1, 6, '2015-05-24 09:23:59', '2015-05-24 14:34:14', '{"1":1,"2":0,"3":0,"4":1,"5":6,"6":0}', 'completed'),
(53, 48, 1, 1, 2, '2015-05-27 06:49:27', '2015-05-26 23:50:23', '{"1":1,"2":0}', 'incomplete'),
(54, 50, 1, 1, 3, '2015-05-28 06:15:27', '2015-05-28 11:27:56', '{"1":1,"2":11,"3":0}', 'incomplete'),
(55, 6, 2, 3, 9, '2015-06-11 11:14:42', '2015-06-11 05:22:07', '{"21":1,"9":2}', 'incomplete');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `user_manage`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `user_manage` (
`id_user_manage` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `password` text NOT NULL,
  `fullname` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `pp` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `email` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `level` enum('admin','moderator') NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('active','banned') NOT NULL,
  `registerdate` datetime NOT NULL,
  `loginlog` text NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `user_manage`
--

INSERT INTO `user_manage` (`id_user_manage`, `username`, `password`, `fullname`, `pp`, `email`, `level`, `status`, `registerdate`, `loginlog`) VALUES
(1, 'yussan', 'be71a8e61b64f613366380071fae3b38', 'Yusuf A.H', '', 'yusuf.hi@students.amikom.ac.id', 'admin', 'active', '2015-01-19 22:45:04', '|2015-01-19 04:46:54|2015-01-20 02:55:20|2015-01-20 05:45:03|2015-01-20 04:06:11|2015-01-21 02:21:50|2015-01-21 08:19:03|2015-01-21 10:59:23|2015-01-22 04:32:22|2015-01-22 05:16:37|2015-01-22 12:47:39|2015-01-23 02:48:04|2015-01-24 02:54:49|2015-01-24 05:14:21|2015-01-26 02:49:46|2015-01-27 10:47:54|2015-01-27 12:58:40|2015-01-28 01:27:12|2015-01-29 11:39:54|2015-01-30 12:08:36|2015-01-30 08:57:02|2015-01-30 12:35:27|2015-01-30 03:41:45|2015-01-31 03:22:20|2015-01-31 05:16:00|2015-01-31 08:31:57|2015-01-31 10:02:34|2015-02-01 02:16:01|2015-02-03 06:52:46|2015-02-05 11:40:12|2015-02-06 10:43:37|2015-02-06 08:05:12|2015-02-07 08:05:46|2015-02-08 05:34:37|2015-02-10 12:07:58|2015-02-11 11:40:31|2015-02-12 06:43:44|2015-02-13 09:51:38|2015-02-13 05:45:19|2015-02-14 11:26:12|2015-02-16 10:08:08|2015-02-16 01:46:23|2015-02-16 06:34:16|2015-02-18 11:59:06|2015-02-19 12:03:54|2015-02-21 08:07:35|2015-02-21 08:38:09|2015-02-22 08:53:51|2015-02-23 08:58:21|2015-02-24 08:03:33|2015-02-24 11:05:51|2015-02-24 07:15:26|2015-02-25 12:21:16|2015-02-25 06:46:25|2015-02-25 07:54:57|2015-02-25 08:32:10|2015-02-25 08:42:44|2015-02-25 09:26:58|2015-02-25 06:35:47|2015-02-25 09:49:53|2015-02-26 07:15:59|2015-02-26 08:40:04|2015-02-27 07:33:00|2015-02-28 09:24:28|2015-03-01 08:31:51|2015-03-01 10:36:53|2015-03-01 10:58:52|2015-03-01 11:10:46|2015-03-01 01:05:17|2015-03-01 03:38:15|2015-03-06 09:18:28|2015-03-06 09:18:33|2015-03-06 09:18:39|2015-03-06 09:19:08|2015-03-06 09:20:05|2015-03-06 09:20:30|2015-03-06 06:18:47|2015-03-07 12:03:21|2015-03-09 10:48:17|2015-03-09 11:36:00|2015-03-09 11:56:02|2015-03-15 06:24:12|2015-03-16 09:41:09|2015-03-25 08:46:25|2015-03-25 08:46:35|2015-03-25 08:46:52|2015-03-25 08:47:46|2015-03-25 08:56:02|2015-03-27 11:37:35|2015-03-28 01:41:48|2015-03-30 08:35:09|2015-04-01 11:50:52|2015-04-02 11:57:54|2015-04-02 12:11:11|2015-04-02 09:27:08|2015-04-02 11:31:18|2015-04-03 10:30:19|2015-04-03 07:11:45|2015-04-03 07:11:53|2015-04-03 07:12:05|2015-04-03 07:12:18|2015-04-03 07:13:12|2015-04-03 10:30:21|2015-04-03 10:30:32|2015-04-03 10:30:47|2015-04-04 09:20:16|2015-04-04 09:23:03|2015-04-04 09:23:28|2015-04-04 09:28:49|2015-04-04 09:29:35|2015-04-04 09:31:24|2015-04-04 10:08:43|2015-04-04 03:40:22|2015-04-04 08:01:28|2015-04-05 09:37:29|2015-04-05 11:16:55|2015-04-05 12:56:20|2015-04-05 12:56:34|2015-04-05 02:21:22|2015-04-05 09:17:47|2015-06-05 09:43:54|2015-06-05 09:45:02|2015-06-05 09:45:08|2015-06-05 09:48:19|2015-06-05 09:50:54|2015-06-05 09:52:29|2015-06-05 09:55:43|2015-06-05 09:58:16|2015-06-05 10:01:35|2015-06-05 10:02:03|2015-06-05 10:07:25|2015-06-05 10:07:49|2015-06-05 10:08:20|2015-06-05 10:09:05|2015-06-05 10:09:10|2015-06-05 10:09:29|2015-07-06 11:03:15|2015-07-06 11:03:20|2015-07-06 11:04:17'),
(2, 'dawil', 'be71a8e61b64f613366380071fae3b38', 'Mudawil Qulub', '', 'mudaw.qulub@gmail.com', 'admin', 'active', '2015-03-27 23:37:59', '|2015-03-27 11:38:16|2015-03-28 01:44:19|2015-03-29 02:09:09|2015-03-31 02:02:22|2015-03-31 08:57:26|2015-04-03 07:12:28|2015-04-03 10:31:08|2015-04-04 09:28:59|2015-04-04 02:57:01|2015-04-04 03:12:45|2015-04-04 09:33:33|2015-04-04 09:45:45|2015-04-04 10:51:07|2015-04-05 07:51:33|2015-04-05 11:06:36|2015-04-05 12:46:34|2015-04-05 12:47:30|2015-04-05 12:47:53|2015-04-05 12:49:27|2015-04-05 09:18:25|2015-04-08 08:20:32|2015-04-11 12:55:42|2015-06-05 09:58:39|2015-06-05 10:01:40|2015-06-05 10:10:14|2015-06-05 11:46:46|2015-06-06 09:34:25|2015-06-11 11:23:43|2015-07-06 11:18:23|2015-07-12 05:43:48'),
(3, 'fuad', '75282e1893d80a789613048a406ea369', 'Ahmad Fuad', '', 'ahmadfuad@linuxourse.me', 'moderator', 'active', '2015-04-01 11:51:31', '|2015-04-01 11:51:47|2015-04-03 07:57:23|2015-04-03 08:50:11');

--
-- Indexes for dumped tables
--

--
-- Indexes for table `available_dir`
--
ALTER TABLE `available_dir`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`), ADD UNIQUE KEY `directory` (`directory`);

--
-- Indexes for table `badge`
--
ALTER TABLE `badge`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_badge`), ADD KEY `id_course` (`id_course`), ADD KEY `id_materi` (`id_materi`), ADD KEY `id_level` (`id_level`);

--
-- Indexes for table `certivicate`
--
ALTER TABLE `certivicate`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_certivicate`), ADD KEY `id_user` (`id_user`);

--
-- Indexes for table `country`
--
ALTER TABLE `country`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_country`);

--
-- Indexes for table `course`
--
ALTER TABLE `course`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_course`), ADD KEY `id_level` (`id_level`);

--
-- Indexes for table `discussion`
--
ALTER TABLE `discussion`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_discuss`), ADD KEY `id_user` (`id_user`);

--
-- Indexes for table `discussion_comment`
--
ALTER TABLE `discussion_comment`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_comment`), ADD KEY `id_discussion` (`id_discussion`,`id_user`), ADD KEY `id_user` (`id_user`);

--
-- Indexes for table `discussion_comment_action`
--
ALTER TABLE `discussion_comment_action`
 ADD KEY `id_comment` (`id_comment`,`id_user`), ADD KEY `id_user` (`id_user`);

--
-- Indexes for table `doTest`
--
ALTER TABLE `doTest`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`idDoTest`), ADD KEY `fk_doTest_2_idx` (`idTest`);

--
-- Indexes for table `level`
--
ALTER TABLE `level`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_level`), ADD KEY `id_materi` (`id_materi`);

--
-- Indexes for table `linuxTerminal`
--
ALTER TABLE `linuxTerminal`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`idLinuxTerminal`);

--
-- Indexes for table `ls_dir`
--
ALTER TABLE `ls_dir`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_ls_dir`), ADD KEY `id_available_dir` (`id_available_dir`);

--
-- Indexes for table `materi`
--
ALTER TABLE `materi`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_materi`);

--
-- Indexes for table `news`
--
ALTER TABLE `news`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_news`), ADD KEY `id_user` (`id_user`);

--
-- Indexes for table `signature`
--
ALTER TABLE `signature`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`);

--
-- Indexes for table `test`
--
ALTER TABLE `test`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`idTest`), ADD UNIQUE KEY `testUniqueLink_UNIQUE` (`testUniqueLink`), ADD KEY `fk_test_1_idx` (`id_user`), ADD KEY `fk_test_1_idx1` (`id_user`,`idLinuxTerminal`);

--
-- Indexes for table `testCase`
--
ALTER TABLE `testCase`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`idTestCase`);

--
-- Indexes for table `user`
--
ALTER TABLE `user`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_user`), ADD UNIQUE KEY `username` (`username`), ADD UNIQUE KEY `email` (`email`), ADD KEY `id_country` (`id_country`);

--
-- Indexes for table `user_badge`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_badge`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_user_badge`), ADD KEY `id_user` (`id_user`,`id_badge`), ADD KEY `id_badge` (`id_badge`);

--
-- Indexes for table `user_course`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_course`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_user_course`), ADD KEY `id_user` (`id_user`), ADD KEY `id_course` (`id_course`), ADD KEY `id_materi` (`id_materi`), ADD KEY `id_level` (`id_level`);

--
-- Indexes for table `user_manage`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_manage`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id_user_manage`);

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for dumped tables
--

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `available_dir`
--
ALTER TABLE `available_dir`
MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=15;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `badge`
--
ALTER TABLE `badge`
MODIFY `id_badge` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=3;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `certivicate`
--
ALTER TABLE `certivicate`
MODIFY `id_certivicate` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `country`
--
ALTER TABLE `country`
MODIFY `id_country` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=4;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `course`
--
ALTER TABLE `course`
MODIFY `id_course` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=53;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `discussion`
--
ALTER TABLE `discussion`
MODIFY `id_discuss` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=10;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `discussion_comment`
--
ALTER TABLE `discussion_comment`
MODIFY `id_comment` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=7;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `level`
--
ALTER TABLE `level`
MODIFY `id_level` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=14;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `linuxTerminal`
--
ALTER TABLE `linuxTerminal`
MODIFY `idLinuxTerminal` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=3;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `ls_dir`
--
ALTER TABLE `ls_dir`
MODIFY `id_ls_dir` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=23;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `materi`
--
ALTER TABLE `materi`
MODIFY `id_materi` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=4;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `news`
--
ALTER TABLE `news`
MODIFY `id_news` smallint(6) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=27;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `signature`
--
ALTER TABLE `signature`
MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=2;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `test`
--
ALTER TABLE `test`
MODIFY `idTest` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=9;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `testCase`
--
ALTER TABLE `testCase`
MODIFY `idTestCase` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=11;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `user`
--
ALTER TABLE `user`
MODIFY `id_user` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=55;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `user_badge`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_badge`
MODIFY `id_user_badge` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=28;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `user_course`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_course`
MODIFY `id_user_course` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=56;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `user_manage`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_manage`
MODIFY `id_user_manage` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=4;
--
-- Constraints for dumped tables
--

--
-- Constraints for table `badge`
--
ALTER TABLE `badge`
ADD CONSTRAINT `badge_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`id_course`) REFERENCES `course` (`id_course`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
ADD CONSTRAINT `badge_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`id_level`) REFERENCES `level` (`id_level`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
ADD CONSTRAINT `badge_ibfk_3` FOREIGN KEY (`id_materi`) REFERENCES `materi` (`id_materi`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `certivicate`
--
ALTER TABLE `certivicate`
ADD CONSTRAINT `certivicate_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`id_user`) REFERENCES `user` (`id_user`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `course`
--
ALTER TABLE `course`
ADD CONSTRAINT `course_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`id_level`) REFERENCES `level` (`id_level`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `discussion`
--
ALTER TABLE `discussion`
ADD CONSTRAINT `discussion_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`id_user`) REFERENCES `user` (`id_user`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `discussion_comment`
--
ALTER TABLE `discussion_comment`
ADD CONSTRAINT `discussion_comment_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`id_discussion`) REFERENCES `discussion` (`id_discuss`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
ADD CONSTRAINT `discussion_comment_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`id_user`) REFERENCES `user` (`id_user`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `discussion_comment_action`
--
ALTER TABLE `discussion_comment_action`
ADD CONSTRAINT `discussion_comment_action_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`id_comment`) REFERENCES `discussion_comment` (`id_comment`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
ADD CONSTRAINT `discussion_comment_action_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`id_user`) REFERENCES `user` (`id_user`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `doTest`
--
ALTER TABLE `doTest`
ADD CONSTRAINT `fk_doTest_2` FOREIGN KEY (`idTest`) REFERENCES `test` (`idTest`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `level`
--
ALTER TABLE `level`
ADD CONSTRAINT `level_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`id_materi`) REFERENCES `materi` (`id_materi`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `ls_dir`
--
ALTER TABLE `ls_dir`
ADD CONSTRAINT `ls_dir_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`id_available_dir`) REFERENCES `available_dir` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `news`
--
ALTER TABLE `news`
ADD CONSTRAINT `news_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`id_user`) REFERENCES `user_manage` (`id_user_manage`) ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE SET NULL;

--
-- Constraints for table `user`
--
ALTER TABLE `user`
ADD CONSTRAINT `user_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`id_country`) REFERENCES `country` (`id_country`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `user_badge`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_badge`
ADD CONSTRAINT `user_badge_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`id_user`) REFERENCES `user` (`id_user`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
ADD CONSTRAINT `user_badge_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`id_badge`) REFERENCES `badge` (`id_badge`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `user_course`
--
ALTER TABLE `user_course`
ADD CONSTRAINT `user_course_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`id_course`) REFERENCES `course` (`id_course`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
ADD CONSTRAINT `user_course_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`id_user`) REFERENCES `user` (`id_user`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
ADD CONSTRAINT `user_course_ibfk_3` FOREIGN KEY (`id_materi`) REFERENCES `materi` (`id_materi`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
ADD CONSTRAINT `user_course_ibfk_4` FOREIGN KEY (`id_level`) REFERENCES `level` (`id_level`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

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